Who were the scientists and philosophers of the Renaissance?The Renaissance Thinkers with History Projects for Kids introduces readers ages 10 through 15 to the biographies of five of the most influential scientists and philosophers of the Renaissance era, including Filippo Brunelleschi, Machiavelli, Copernicus, Thomas More, and Francis Bacon. All of these men made huge leaps in philosophical and scientific thought and introduced concepts to the world that have resonated for centuries!In The Renaissance Thinkers, kids learn how the Italian goldsmith Filippo Brunelleschi solved the decades-old architectural problem of the Florence Cathedral dome and introduced artists to the concept of linear perspective. They meet Machiavelli, the Italian statesman whose book, The Prince, described Renaissance politics as they truly existed and whose name became synonymous with political manipulation. Readers explore the nature of the solar system with Copernicus, and experience the life and death struggles of Thomas More, one of the Renaissance era's greatest legal minds and also one of the world's first writers of science fiction. Plus, they'll meet Francis Bacon, who developed and promoted the scientific method that still guides scientific inquiry to this day.Using an inquiry-based approach to learning, each chapter of The Renaissance Thinkers includes hands-on activities and open-ended assignments that challenge young readers to engage in scientific experiments of their own that incorporate the scientific method and the engineering design process. Kids learn to think critically and creatively about the political and social forces at work in their own lives. They will build arches, draw with linear perspective, argue the points of a legal case, create their own Utopias, and engage in philosophical debates. Fun facts, primary source illustrations, and links to online resources spark an interest in the Renaissance. Even without a time machine, learners can experience the Renaissance!The Renaissance Thinkers is one of a set of four books in the Renaissance for Kids series. Books in the Renaissance for Kids series invite readers ages 10 to 15 to learn about the inventors, artists, explorers, philosophers, scientists, and politicians who lived in Europe and around the world during the Renaissance and who made contributions to the wealth of human knowledge and experience that have lasted far into the future. Primary sources, color photography, relevant quotes, and hands-on STEAM activities that promote the scientific method or engineering design process keep even the most curious kids satisfied! Titles in this series include The Renaissance Thinkers: With History Projects for Kids; The Renaissance Inventors: With History Projects for Kids; The Renaissance Artists: With History Projects for Kids; and The Renaissance Explorers: With History Projects for Kids.
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TA B L E O F Contents
Introduction What Is the Renaissance?
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Chapter 1 10 Filippo Brunelleschi The GoldsmithArchitect Engineer
Chapter 2 29 Niccolò Machiavelli The Prince of Politics
Chapter 3 Thomas More Real Politics and an Imaginary World
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Chapter 465 Nicolaus Copernicus Revolving Aroundthe Sun
Chapter 5 Francis Bacon The Father of Science
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Glossary............................98 Resources................... 103 Index ...................... 105
The unîverse accordîng to Copernîcus By Andreas Cearius, 1661
I N T R O D U C T I O N
W H AT I S T H E Renaissance?
B VanitasBy Harmen Steenwijck, circa 1640
The story of humanîty covers tens of thousands of years. It reaches înto the far dîstant past before humans made toos or earned to wrîte. It încudes our modern tîmes, when we make computer chîps and communîcate wîth one another through text messages. Between those two extremes of human hîstory îes a perîod we ca the Renaîssance. It’s a sîver of tîme of about 400 years, from the 1300s through the 1600s.
FAST FACTS
WHAT:THE RENAISSANCE, A HISTORICAL ERA MARKED BY DRAMATIC CHANGE WHEN:1300s—1600s WHERE:ITALY AND NORTHERN EUROPE
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1340s—50s The bubonîc pague kîs peope across Europe. In some paces, amost haf the popuatîon dîes, and în others, neary everyone survîves.
Renaîssance 1300s–1600s
1. Economic Change Most people in the Renaissance were farmers and lived in the countryside. The farmers, also called peasants, worked the land and paid their rent to the landowner, but they did this very differently from how we pay rent today.
1493 Chrîstopher Coumbus saîs to what Europeans wî ca the New Word.
1517 Martîn Luther protests agaînst the Cathoîc Church, startîng the movement known as the Reformatîon.
1455 Johannes Gutenberg produces the irst prînted Bîbe, caed the Gutenberg Bîbe, în Germany.
DESIDERIUS ERASMUS (1466–1536), CATHOLIC PRIEST AND RENAISSANCE HUMANIST
We can trace the roots of the Renaissance to Florence, Italy, and watch it spread geographically into northern and western Europe. But the Renaissance was about more than change in certain cities and countries.
“It is an unscrupulous intellect that does not pay to antiquity its due reverence.”
T H E R E N A I S S A N C E T H I N K E R S
Changing Times What changes took place during the Renaissance? Let’s take a look at three examples.
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They were eager to learn and experience new things and new ways of thinking and doing things.
Does it sound like an interesting time to live? Let’s take a closer look at what types of change people experienced during the Renaissance.
The Renaissance is about a change in a way of thinking that affected people across the globe. During the Renaissance, people loved learning about new ideas and having their old ideas challenged and changed. They were thirsty for knowledge about art, biology, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, literature—everything!
B A map of Itay from 1584
1522 The irst cîrcumnavîgatîon of the gobe, begun by Ferdînand Magean’s leet, îs competed by Juan Sebastîan Ecano.
W H A T I S T H E R E N A I S S A N C E ?
1531 Henry VIII breaks from the Cathoîc Church. He names hîmsef head of the new Church of Engand.
“Man is the measure of all things.” PROTAGORAS (481–411 BCE), GREEK PHILOSOPHER
1610 Gaîeo Gaîeî întroduces a powerfu new teescope and dîscovers the four moons of Jupîter.
1665 The irst scîentîic journa îs pubîshed în Engand.
1687 Isaac Newton uses mathematîcs to prove unîversa gravîtatîon.