Projectile Science , livre ebook

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75 pages

English

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What are the forces behind ballistics? Why do rocks and rockets soar through the air in an arch?The game is on the line. Suddenly, you hear the crack of a bat and the roar of crowd. Where will the ball land? How far will it travel? Is it a home run?You might think that hitting a home run or nailing a three-pointer is just luck, but there are many forces at work that determine if you've made a game-winning shot or the final out. If you've ever kicked a ball, thrown a rock, or even played Angry Birds, you've experimented with the forces behind ballistics.In Projectile Science: The Physics Behind Kicking a Field Goal and Launching a Rocket with Science Activities for Kids,one of four titles in the Technology for Today set, kids ages 10 to 15 learn why projectiles follow the paths they do and what factors influence those paths. Readers who are fascinated with potato cannons, slingshots, and rocketry will love taking that next step and applying what they learn about the laws of physics to the science of figuring out where to aim.Math is the language you use to understand the science of ballistics. In this book, readers will learn about the forces that act on the projectiles and how to calculate those forces to make educated predictions about where their homemade rockets and other projectiles will land. 25 Safe, hands-on STEAM activities using materials that are easy to acquire are a terrific way to foster real-life learning about ballistics. Kids will perform Galileo's famous test for gravity, create clinometers to measure height and distance, and build a machine that can throw curve balls.Essential questions that promote critical examination of the science, primary sources, online videos, and science-minded engineering activities let readers have a blast learning about the physics of ballistics! In the Technology for Today set, readers ages 10 to 15 explore the digital and tech landscapes of today and tomorrow through hands-on STEAM activities and compelling stories of how things work, who makes them work, and why. Titles in this set include Industrial Design: Why Smartphones Aren't Round and Other Mysteries with Science Activities for Kids; Big Data: Information in the Digital World with Science Activities for Kids; Projectile Science: The Physics Behind Kicking a Field Goal and Launching a Rocket with Science Activities for Kids; and Artificial Intelligence: Thinking Machines and Smart Robots with Science Activities for Kids.Nomad Press books integrate content with participation. Common Core State Standards, the Next Generation Science Standards, and STEM Education all place project-based learning as key building blocks in education. Combining content with inquiry-based projects stimulates learning and makes it active and alive. Nomad's unique approach simultaneously grounds kids in factual knowledge while allowing them the space to be curious, creative, and critical thinkers.

Informations

Publié par	Nomad Press
Date de parution	14 août 2018
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781619306776
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	5 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0650€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

Titles in the Technology Today book set

Check out more titles at www.nomadpress.net
Nomad Press A division of Nomad Communications 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Copyright 2018 by Nomad Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review or for limited educational use . The trademark Nomad Press and the Nomad Press logo are trademarks of Nomad Communications, Inc.
Educational Consultant, Marla Conn
Questions regarding the ordering of this book should be addressed to Nomad Press 2456 Christian St. White River Junction, VT 05001 www.nomadpress.net
Printed in Canada.
Contents
Timeline
Introduction The Science of Projectiles
Chapter 1 What Goes Up: The Laws of Motion
Chapter 2 Projectile Motion: Tracking Trajectories
Chapter 3 Slingshots, Catapults, and Cannons: Mechanical Energy
Chapter 4 Curveballs and Spirals: Air Resistance
Chapter 5 When What Goes Up Doesn t Come Down: Rockets
Glossary Metric Conversions Resources Essential Questions Index

Interested in Primary Sources?
Look for this icon. Use a smartphone or tablet app to scan the QR code and explore more! Photos are also primary sources because a photograph takes a picture at the moment something happens.

If the QR code doesn t work, there s a list of URLs on the Resources page. Or, try searching the internet with the Keyword Prompts to find other helpful sources.
projectiles
TIMELINE

1304 CE: King Edward of England uses a giant trebuchet known as the Wolf of War to help conquer Stirling Castle in Scotland.
1337 CE: The English longbow is used in the Hundred Years War between England and France.
1346 CE: The Mongol army uses catapults to infect the city of Caffa with bubonic plague.
1415 CE: At the Battle of Agincourt, English forces use longbows to defeat a French army nearly 10 times larger.
1520 CE: Gun barrels are first made with spiral grooves that spin projectiles, called rifles.
1638 CE: Galileo Galilei shows that the motion of a projectile is a curved path called a parabola.

1812 CE: The British Navy uses rockets to attack Fort McHenry, inspiring Francis Scott Key to write the words the rocket s red glare.
1846 CE: Isaac Newton s law of universal gravitation is used to discover the planet Neptune.
1849 CE: Claude-Etienne Mini invents the modern, streamlined bullet.
c. 1850 CE: The first slingshots using rubber are made.
1853 CE: German physicist H.G. Magnus describes how spinning objects curve in flight.
c. 1853 CE: Scottish physicist William Rankine coins the term potential energy.
October 7, 1867: William Arthur Candy Cummings throws the first curveball in a baseball game.
1905: Pitcher Eddie Cicotte earns the nickname knuckles for the strange grip he uses for a pitch that seems to zig and zag on its way to the plate.
September 5, 1906: Bradbury Robinson throws the first spiral pass in American football.

March 16, 1926: The first liquid-fueled rocket is launched by Robert Goddard.
September 8, 1944: The first V2 rocket attack happens on London, England.
1953: The Wiffle ball is invented.
1959: Engineer and physicist Lyman Briggs proves that a curveball really curves.
October 4, 1957: Sputnik becomes the world s first artificial satellite.
February 9, 1959: The Soviet Union s R-7 becomes the world s first operational intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM).
April 12, 1961: Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, riding on top of a Soviet R-7 ICBM, becomes the first human in space.
May 5, 1961: Alan Shepard becomes the first American in space.
1966: Hollis Wilbur Allen builds the first compound bow.
November 9, 1967: The first launch of the Saturn V, the rocket that took humans to the moon.

September 8, 1974: Daredevil Robert Evel Knievel jumps across the Snake River Canyon in his custom-built Skycycle X-2.
June 2, 1987: Joey Meyer of the Denver Zephyrs hits a 582-foot home run, probably the longest home run in baseball history.
2009: The game Angry Birds uses projectile science to enterain humans for hours.
2010: The U.S. Navy fires the fastest projectile ever, traveling at more than 8,000 feet per second.
2011: Chucky III sets the world record for catapult distance, flinging a pumpkin 3,636 feet.
December 8, 2013: Matt Prater of the Denver Broncos kicks the longest field goal in NFL history-64 yards!

Introduction
THE SCIENCE OF
PROJECTILES

Down by a point with only seconds left in the game, you square up your shoulders to take the final shot. Over the outstretched hands of the defender, you release the basketball and watch as it soars through the air into the hoop with a swoosh. The buzzer sounds and the crowd cheers-you ve won the game!
You might think that nailing a three-pointer is just luck. There are many forces at work, however, that determine if you ve made a game-winning shot or the final out.
If you ve ever thrown a ball, launched a model rocket, or even played video games, you ve explored the amazing world of ballistics . Ballistics is the study of projectiles and of projectile motion -or how objects such as bullets and baseballs move. The study of projectile science can involve something as simple as tossing a soda can into a recycling bin from across the room or as complicated as sending a rocket into outer space. If it can be launched, thrown, fired, or flung, it s a projectile!

ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Why did ancient humans develop methods of sending projectiles farther, faster? How did this ability make life better?

WORDS TO KNOW
force: a push or pull applied to an object.
ballistics: the science that studies the movement of objects that are shot through the air.
projectile: an object that is thrown or launched and does not move by its own power.
projectile motion: the path that a projectile takes as it travels.
projectile science: the study of how projectiles move.
buoyancy: the force that makes something able to float, either in the air or in the water.
prehistoric: having to do with ancient times, before written human records.
tundra: a treeless Arctic region that is permanently frozen below the top layer of soil.
prey: an animal caught or hunted for food.
wary: suspicious.
lance: a long, straight wooden spear.
spear: a weapon with a long shaft and pointed tip, used for thrusting or throwing.
All projectiles follow the same rules of motion, no matter what they are. Understanding those rules is the science of ballistics. How hard do you need to throw a football to complete a pass? How do you aim an arrow to hit a bulls-eye? All these things require an understanding of ballistics and projectile motion.
If you think about it, you ve been studying ballistics your whole life without knowing it! But to people throughout history, the study of ballistics was an even more important part of their lives.

Projectile or Not?
When is an object a projectile? Not all things flying through the air are projectiles! Projectiles don t move under their own power. Therefore, airplanes, helicopters, and hot air balloons are not projectiles because they use wings, engines, or buoyancy to determine how they move.
ANCIENT PROJECTILES
Imagine you re a prehistoric human, living with your prehistoric family in the harsh tundra of northern Siberia 20,000 years ago. Survival isn t easy! You must hunt large and dangerous beasts to provide for your family. But getting close to a bear or giant woolly mammoth is difficult. How do you hunt a fearsome animal without putting yourself in danger?

Ancient humans painting images of woolly mammoths on cave walls
credit: Charles R. Knight
Ancient people around the world solved this problem by using projectiles. Many used rounded stones as weapons, hurling them with great force to stun or knock down their prey . Others made slings, which allowed them to throw rocks with even greater force. Using projectiles to hunt had two big advantages for ancient people-it allowed them to sneak up on wary prey, and it kept them away from dangerous teeth and tusks.
An even more dangerous weapon made by ancient people was the lance , or spear . The first spears were simple, sharp sticks that could be thrown. People learned pretty quickly that attaching a small, sharpened rock to the tip made spears more accurate-and even more deadly.

WORDS TO KNOW
catapult: a large war machine used to hurl objects at an enemy.
Middle Ages: the period of European history after the fall of the Roman Empire, from about 350 to 1450 CE.
trebuchet: a large, catapult-like structure with a moveable arm that launched damaging items into or over castle walls.
siege: surrounding and attacking a fortified place, such as a fort, and cutting it off from help and supplies.
siege engine: a machine built to help forces break through walls-or go over them.
culture: the beliefs and way of life of a group of people, which can include religion, language, art, clothing, food, holidays, tools, and more.
fire lance: a very early gunpowder weapon.
Hurling spears worked well, but you still needed to be pretty close to your prey. A new tool, the bow and arrow, gave hunters an even better way to hunt from afar. For the first archers, making bows and arrows was much harder than fashioning a spear. They needed to find the right kind of wood to make a bow-something that could bend but not break. Plant and animal materials were needed to make the bow string, and the arrows needed to be shaped and carved as straight as possible.
Finding all the right materials and creating the bows and arrows would have been difficult, but worth it. A well-made bow and arrow is much easier to aim than a spear. It s also lighter and easier to carry.
Projectiles were terrific for hunting food more easily and more efficiently. They were also used in battle.

ANCIENT WEAPONS
Have you ever seen a catapu