Explore Shapes and Angles! , livre ebook

Nomad Press - Jeanette Moore

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64 pages

English

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This book is in the shape of a square. Or is it a rectangle? The pages are 2-dimensional. Or are the pages 3-dimensional? Geometry is all around us! In Explore Shapes and Angles! With 25 Great Projects, readers ages 7 to 10 will have fun identifying the shapes and angles in their world. They'll also learn how these shapes and angles are used in different situations and in different jobs, such as construction, engineering, and art. A kid's world is made of shapes and angles-by encouraging readers to become savvy at identifying and using the different shapes, this book serves as the perfect introduction to geometry and a way to build a strong foundation in math skills that will serve them well as they are exposed to increasingly more complicated concepts. Hands-on, design-minded projects, such as designing a tree house, offer opportunities to discover how engineers and designers use shapes and angles to create strong structures. Readers are encouraged to use blocks, bodies, and yoga to mimic geometric shapes and find combinations so strong they'll even hold up heavy weights. Links to online resources, fun facts, cartoon illustrations, and compelling content drive this introduction to basic geometry that will help children begin to establish a spatial relationship with real-world math and make it fun!

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Publié par	Nomad Press
Date de parution	15 octobre 2017
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781619305847
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	6 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0500€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

More titles in the Explore Your World! Series

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Nomad Press
A division of Nomad Communications
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Copyright 2017 by Nomad Press. All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from
the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review or for limited educational use .
The trademark Nomad Press and the Nomad Press logo are trademarks of Nomad Communications, Inc.
ISBN Softcover: 978-1-61930-586-1 ISBN Hardcover: 978-1-61930-582-3
Educational Consultant, Marla Conn
Questions regarding the ordering of this book should be addressed to Nomad Press
2456 Christian St.
White River Junction, VT 05001 www.nomadpress.net
CONTENTS
Timeline
Introduction
Geometry through History
Chapter 1
Moving, Bending, Stretching Geometry!
Chapter 2
Angles in the Classroom
Chapter 3
Measuring Your Home and Yard
Chapter 4
Ship-Shapes in the Neighborhood
Chapter 5
A Wide World of Geometry
Glossary * Metric Conversions Resources * Essential Questions * Index

Interested in primary sources? Look for this icon.
Use a smartphone or tablet app to scan the QR code and explore more! You can find a list of URLs on the Resources page.

If the QR code doesn t work, try searching the Internet with the Keyword Prompts to find other helpful sources.

KEYWORD PROMPTS
shapes and angles
TIMELINE

3000-500 BCE Egyptians use geometry to measure amounts of crops. They also use math to build pyramids, tombs, and other structures.

1680-1620 BCE: A scribe named Ahmes writes math documents about area and volume.

2000-500 BCE: Ancient Babylonians make a list, since called Plimpton 322, that has geometric ideas on it about cubic measurement.

1500-200 BCE: Indian mathematics is written in the ancient text of the Sulbasutras, including many measurement problems and methods for finding out the dimensions of circles.

1100-600 BCE: Ancient Chinese mathematicians study right angles and triangles.

570-560 BCE: Pythagoras of Samos travels the world to discover information about math and science. He is noted to be the Father of the Right Triangle, though other people had discovered this before him.

400 BCE: Euclid writes his famous book, The Elements , which is the foundation of the geometry we learn in school today.

350 BCE: Hypatia is one of the first known female mathematicians. She studies geometry and translates classical mathematics books.

250 CE: Liu Hui uses a polygon with 384 sides to figure out pi! He writes it in the book, Nine Chapters.

1637: Rene Descartes writes Discourse on the Method and studies Euclid sdimensions.

1776-1831: Sophie Germain studies geometry and is the first woman to win a prize from the French Academy of Sciences.

1815-1852: Ada Lovelace works with Charles Babbage on patterns in math. She writes what is considered to be the world s first computer program.

1800-1900: Fractals are known as shapes found in clouds and fem plants. Once computers are invented, fractals are understood more.

1882-1935: Emmy Noether is called a mathematical genius by Albert Einstein. She creates the general foundation for Einstein s theory of relativity. She earns a PhD in math, but cannot get a job because she is female and Jewish.

1905: Albert Einstein creates the theory of relativity. There are many curves, spheres, and shapes in this theory.

1963: Paul Cohen studies the continuum hypothesis, which states that numbers can go beyond infinity! This means they can go without limit.

2014: Maryam Mirzakhani becomes the first woman to be awarded the prestigious fields Medal, awarded every four years to a young mathematition.
INTRODUCTION
GEOMETRY THROUGH HISTORY

Did you know you have been doing math since you were born? Geometry can be found everywhere in our world and we begin noticing it even as babies! Geometry was there in the bars of your crib, the round bowl of mushed peas you threw on the kitchen floor, and even within the space taken up by the liquid in your cup.
WORDS TO KNOW

geometry: the math related to shapes, surfaces, points, lines , and solids.
point: a spot in space or on a line.
lines: many points in a row that make one length .
length: the measure of something from one end to the other, or how long something is.
mathematics: the study of ideas related to numbers. Mathematicians study mathematics.
Geometry is a type of mathematics that we find all around us. In fact, geometry shows us the size of the earth and the size or amount of everything that s on the earth. Wherever you are right now as you read this, you are surrounded by geometry!

GE-OM-ET-RY
The word geometry has four syllables. Try saying it: Ge-om-et-ry. Let s take a look at all the parts of this word. Ge is an ancient Greek word meaning Earth. The syllables -metry are an ending, or suffix. It shows that the word geometry has to do with a system. It comes from the ancient Greek word metria. That word is similar to the word measure, which is one of the definitions of metria. When you measure something, you are figuring out how big something is, how much space it takes up, or how much it weighs.
Look across the room at an object. What do you see? How far away do you think it could be? Think about that object s shape. What is the size? These questions and thoughts are about geometry. You see-you are a mathematician, a person who studies math! Let s learn how geometry was part of our past.
GEOMETRY AND HISTORY

People started using geometry when our human ancestors went to work. They did not get in their cars and drive to the office or go to the store to take care of customers as your parents might do today.
Ancient humans had very different lives. They made tools for hunting. They made tools for cooking meals. Ancient humans built boats and homes.
WORDS TO KNOW

tally: to count the number of something.
scale: a tool used to weigh objects.
angle: the space between two lines that start from the same point, measured in degrees.
pattern: a series of repetitive connections and designs.
wavelength: the distance between two waves.
BCE: put after a date, BCE stands for Before Common Era and counts years down to zero. CE stands for Common Era and counts years up from zero. This book was published in 2017 CE.
solar calendar: a yearly calendar based on how long it takes the earth to move around the sun.
pyramid: a shape with a square base and triangles for sides that meet at a point.
square: a shape with four equal sides and four right angles.
triangle: a shape with three sides.
Measuring and building were happening thousands and thousands of years ago. Our ancient relatives counted and tallied . They made scales and used weights. All this work was related to geometry!
This was true about their art, too. Art is full of curves and lines. Ancient people carved shapes, curves, and angles in caves, in rock, and on trees. And what about music? There are patterns in sounds as well, and in the wavelengths that each sound makes invisibly in the air. All this geometry was happening around the world, in the Americas, Australia, Asia, the Middle East, and Africa.
In 4200 BCE , ancient Egyptians created a solar calendar . To do this, they looked at the stars and made measurements and found patterns.

The ancient Egyptians also did some large construction projects in the years after this calendar was made. This is when they built the ancient pyramids ! That is some BIG geometry.
WORDS TO KNOW

Mesopotamia: an area of ancient civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what is now called Iraq, Kuwait, and Syria.
chariot: a small cart with two wheels and a platform, pulled by horses.
right triangle: a triangle with a right angle.
rectangle: a shape with four sides and four right angles. The sides across from each other are equal.
right angle: an angle that measures exactly 90 degrees , as at the corner of a square or rectangle.
degree: a unit of measurement of angles.

Pyramids are enormous in size, but the invention of the wheel was just as important! In Mesopotamia , the wheel came about in 3500 BCE, but not for transportation. It was used as a potter s wheel to make round bowls and other containers. Eventually, wheels were stuck on a chariot to be ridden into battle!
The ancient Babylonians in Mesopotamia also worked with triangles called right triangles . They used rectangles and squares in their construction projects. These shapes all have right angles . Patterns, angles, and shapes were in their plans for cities.
In 2500 BCE, we can find geometry in India being used to plan big cities with streets and buildings. The Harrapan people, who lived in the Indus River Valley, made pottery with shapes and lines carved into the clay.

DID YOU KNOW?
The Babylonians were able to track Jupiter across the sky and make detailed records of the planets.
WORDS TO KNOW

culture: a group of people and their beliefs and way of life.
circa (c.): around that year.
Way across the Atlantic Ocean, in the region that is now Mexico and Central America, more people were using geometry. In about 1400 BCE, the ancient Olmec people made well-planned maps for cities and gardens. They also created a calendar.
In China in 550 BCE, scholars wrote a math book called the Chou Pei Suan Ching . This book discussed many geometry concepts, including right angles.
By 300 BCE, a mathematician named Euclid ( c. 300 BCE) of Greece had finished a geometry textbook that we still consider useful today. Euclid came from Alexandria in Egypt. He studied math for many years and wrote his book, The Elements .
Geometry ideas came about in many cultures . They also spread from culture to culture as people moved around. Many cultures used geometry even before they officially called it geometry. They used shapes and angles to make plans