Bridges! , livre ebook

Nomad Press - Jennifer Swanson

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62 pages

English

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Getting from one place to another sounds easy if you are on a straight piece of land, but what if you have to get over-or under-a body of water or a deep gorge? Build a bridge! Bridges are the great connectors. They allow us to travel the twists and turns, highs and lows, ins and out of every geographic feature in our world. Bridges! With 25 Science Projects for Kids introduces readers ages 7 to 10 to the concepts and vocabulary of bridge construction through the lenses of history, science, engineering, math, and technology.From the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco to the Tower Bridge in London, bridges are a huge part of our life. But how are these amazing structures built? What forces keep it standing? What might cause it to fall down? And who decides which type of bridge to use? In Bridges! With 25 Science Projects for Kids,one of four titles in the Explore Engineering set, readers discover how these extraordinary feats of engineering are created, and apply what they have learned to hands-on, critical-thinking activities that include building different types of bridges, such as truss, cantilever, and suspension bridges, out of different materials and modeling different types of supports. They examine the natural forces that affect structure selection and appearance, and also learn about the types of support required for each. Trivia, cartoon illustrations, links to online videos and other sources, and clear diagrams round out this book and make it fun and interesting for class discussions.Following the guidelines set forth in the NGSS/NSTA engineering and design standards, teachers can feel comfortable using this book as a guide for targeted learning in their classrooms. In the Explore Engineering set, readers ages 7 to 10 develop foundational understanding of the physics that guides the building and maintenance of bridges, canals, dams, tunnels, and skyscrapers. Titles in the Explore Engineering set include Bridges! With 25 Science Projects for Kids;Canals and Dams! With 25 Science Projects for Kids; Tunnels! With 25 Science Projects for Kids; and Skyscrapers! With 25 Science Projects for Kids.Nomad Press books in the Explore Your World series for children ages 7-10 integrate content with participation. Common Core State Standards, the Next Generation Science Standards, and STEM Education all place project-based learning as key building blocks in education. Combining content with inquiry-based projects stimulates learning and makes it active and alive. Nomad's unique approach simultaneously grounds kids in factual knowledge while allowing them the space to be curious, creative, and critical thinkers.

Informations

Publié par	Nomad Press
Date de parution	01 août 2018
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781619305892
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	5 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0500€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

Titles in the Explore Engineering Set

Check out more titles at www.nomadpress.net
Nomad Press
A division of Nomad Communications
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Copyright 2018 by Nomad Press. All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review or for limited educational use .
The trademark Nomad Press and the Nomad Press logo are trademarks of Nomad Communications, Inc.
Educational Consultant, Marla Conn
Questions regarding the ordering of this book should be addressed to
Nomad Press
2456 Christian St.
White River Junction, VT 05001
www.nomadpress.net
Printed in the United States of America.
CONTENTS
Timeline
Introduction Let s Explore Bridges
Chapter 1 Why Do We Need Bridges?
Chapter 2 Engineering and Design
Chapter 3 Types of Bridges
Chapter 4 Let the Building Begin!
Chapter 5 Famous Bridges
Glossary * Metric Conversions Resources * Essential Questions * Index

Interested in primary sources? Look for this icon. Use a smartphone or tablet app to scan the QR code and explore more! Photos are also primary sources because a photograph takes a picture at the moment something happens.
If the QR code doesn t work, there s a list of URLs on the Resources page. Or, try searching the internet with the Keyword Prompts to find other helpful sources.

KEYWORD PROMPTS
bridges
TIMELINE

PREHISTORIC TIMES: Simple bridges consist of a log over a stream.

1600 BCE: A bridge is built over the River Havos in Mycenae, Greece.

850 BCE: A stone arch bridge is built in Izmir, Turkey.

FIRST CENTURY CE: Romans begin building arch bridges.

134 CE: Hadrian s Bridge is built in Rome, Italy. Part of this very strong stone arch bridge is still standing today.

SIXTH CENTURY CE: Zhaozhou Bridge is built in China.

1176-1209: London Bridge is built in England. This is the first arch bridge to be built in tidal waters, which means it has to deal with the rising and lowering of the river tides.

1345: Ponte Vecchio Bridge in Florence, Italy, is built. The inhabited stone arch bridge still has stores on it.

1591: Rialto Bridge in Venice, Italy, is constructed. This stone, inhabited arch bridge is still standing today.

1706: Luding Bridge, the oldest suspension bridge in China, is constructed.

1779: The first iron bridge is built in England. It spans 100 feet.

1866: The first cantilever bridge is built by Heinrich Gerber in Germany.

1883: The Brooklyn Bridge is built in New York. It is a cable-stayed suspension bridge.

1886: Construction begins on the Tower Bridge in London. It is both a moveable bridge and a suspension bridge.

1923: Construction begins on the Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia. It is an arch bridge made completely out of steel.

1933: The Golden Gate Bridge is built across the entrance to San Francisco Bay in California. It is a suspension bridge.

2004: The tallest bridge in the world, the Millau Viaduct in Millau, France, opens. The cable-stayed bridge rises 1,125 feet off the ground.

2008: The Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan is completed. It is the fourth-tallest bridge and the longest suspension bridge in the world.

OCTOBER 2017: The old Kosciuszko Bridge in New York City is destroyed, replaced by a new bridge, signaling awareness on the part of engineers that old bridges need to be repaired or replaced to keep travel safe for everyone.

INTRODUCTION
LET S EXPLORE BRIDGES
Imagine that you re sitting on the school bus, on your way to school. As the bus bounces along the road, you look up. Huge steel bars and cables rise up around you toward the sky. You tip your head back to see how high they go. What are you looking at? Parts of a bridge ! Look down and you ll notice that the bus is crossing something, such as a river.
Bridges connect things. They allow people to move from one place to another more easily. A bridge can cross a road, a narrow valley, or even a body of water.
WORDS TO KNOW

steel: a hard, strong material made of iron combined with other elements.
bridge: a structure built to cross something that blocks your way, such as a river, bay, road, railway, or valley.
canyon: a deep trench in the earth, often with steep sides.
BCE: put after a date, BCE stands for Before Common Era and counts down to zero. CE stands for Common Era and counts up from zero. These nonreligious terms correspond to BC and AD. This book was printed in 2018 CE.
goods: items, such as food and clothing, that people can buy and sell.
arch: a curved structure in the shape of an upside-down U or semi-circle.
engineer: a person who uses science, math, and creativity to design and build things.
iron: a strong, hard, magnetic metal.
span: to stretch from side to side of something. Also, the distance between two things.

Bridges pass over lakes and rivers, connect mountains, and cross canyons . There is even a bridge across the Grand Canyon!
Bridges have been around for thousands of years. The ancient Romans first built bridges in the second century BCE . They were built to allow people to cross rivers to trade goods and tell each other news. Roman armies needed these bridges to move from one place to another.
The Romans mostly built bridges using arches to support them. At first, Roman engineers used stone blocks that were held together with iron clamps. These bridges were large and heavy, though, and couldn t span long distances.
The Romans tried using other materials. They mixed broken bits of stone with clay, sand, and water to create something that hardened when it dried, even under water.
What had they invented? The first concrete , which they used to build bridges. Concrete bridges faced with stone were much stronger and easier to build. These bridges also lasted a lot longer. Hundreds of Roman bridges built during and after the second century BCE are still standing.
WORDS TO KNOW

concrete: a hard construction material made with cement, sand, and water.
BRIDGE STRUCTURES TODAY
There are six basic bridge structures in use today. These include beam, truss, arch, cantilever, suspension, and cable. Each type of bridge has a different purpose. Some are stronger than others, some can fit into smaller areas of land, and some just look nicer. Each bridge design is carefully selected for the area where it will stand, what it will carry, and how far it must span.
Have you ever seen a picture of a famous bridge, such as the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco or maybe the Sydney Harbour Bridge in Australia? How were these bridges constructed?

THE SYDNEY HARBOUR BRIDGE
WORDS TO KNOW

prototype: a model of something that allows engineers to test their ideas.

GOOD ENGINEERING PRACTICES
Engineers and scientists keep their ideas organized in notebooks. Engineers use the engineering design process to keep track of their inventions, and scientists use the scientific method to keep track of experiments.
As you read through this book and do the activities, record your observations, data, and designs in an engineering design worksheet or a scientific method worksheet. When doing an activity, remember that there is no right answer or right way to approach a project. Be creative and have fun!
Engineering Design Worksheet
Problem: What problem are we trying to solve?
Research: Has anything been invented to help solve the problem? What can we learn?
Question: Are there any special requirements for the device? What is it supposed to do?
Brainstorm: Draw lots of designs for your device and list the materials you are using!
Prototype: Build the design you drew during brainstorming. This is your prototype .
Results: Test your prototype and record your observations.
Evaluate: Analyze your test results. Do you need to make adjustments? Do you need to try a different prototype?
Scientific Method Worksheet
Question: What problem are we trying to solve?
Research: What information is already known?
Hypothesis/Prediction: What do I think the answer will be?
Equipment: What supplies do I need?
Method: What steps will I follow?
Results: What happened and why?
WORDS TO KNOW

feat: an achievement that requires great courage, skill, or strength.
engineering: the use of science and math in the design and construction of things.
stable: steady and firm, not changing.
force: a push or pull applied to an object.
gravity: the force that pulls all objects to the earth s surface.

DID YOU KNOW?
The Nanpu Bridge in Shanghai, China, is in the shape of a spiral. This bridge goes around and around in a circle. It was made that way to save space.
You might have even tried to build your own bridges with blocks or small wooden sticks. It s not as easy as you might think, is it?
Bridges are feats of engineering that can take years to construct. Building a bridge involves lots of planning and special materials. A bridge has to be strong enough to support the weight of the cars and trucks that cross it every day. It also must be stable enough to withstand extreme weather, such as high winds, floodwater, and earthquakes.
Would you like to learn how to build a bridge? In this book, you will explore how bridges are designed. You ll learn what materials are needed for a strong, stable bridge. Most importantly, you will learn how forces act on bridges to keep them standing or make them fall down.

Become a junior engineer! Performing hands-on experiments will demonstrate the ups and downs, pushes and pulls, and even the gravity -defying properties of bridges. Let s go explore bridges!

PROJECT!
SIMPLE BRIDGES FROM ANCIENT TIMES

SUPPLIES
* 2 large blocks or bricks
* ruler
* pieces of construction paper
* several coins
* engineering notebook and pencil
Bridges are not easy to construct. With all of the different types of bridges, it is important to pick the correct one for the area. L