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214 pages

English

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In the face of declining newspaper sales, challenges from online competitors, and flagging ratings for broadcast news programs, media companies have struggled to maintain their relevance. Media between Culture and Commerce brings together a group of European media experts to address the consequences of a system that is increasingly powered by global media conglomerates that set the pace of news and information. As national borders blur and the corporations behind journalism and broadcasting continue to merge, this timely volume will prove a necessary resource to those interested in European media studies and globalization.

Sujets

Communication Studies

Disciplines

Language Arts

Lettres et linguistique

General officer

Media studies

Journalism

General

Media

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Publié par	Intellect Books
Date de parution	01 juin 2005
Nombre de lectures	1
EAN13	9781841509785
Langue	English

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,1600€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

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The European Science Foundation (ESF) was established in 1974 to create a common European platform for cross-border cooperation in all aspects of scientific research.
With its emphasis on a multidisciplinary and pan-European approach, the Foundation provides the leadership necessary to open new frontiers in European science.
Its activities include providing science policy advice (Science Strategy); stimulating co-operation between researchers and organisations to explore new directions (Science Synergy); and the administration of externally funded programmes (Science Management). These take place in the following areas: Physical and engineering sciences; Medical sciences; Life, earth and environmental sciences; Humanities; Social sciences; Polar; Marine; Space; Radio astronomy frequencies; Nuclear physics.
Headquartered in Strasbourg with offices in Brussels, the ESF s membership comprises 75 national funding agencies, research performing agencies and academies from 30 European nations.
The Foundation s independence allows the ESF to objectively represent the priorities of all these members.
M EDIA B ETWEEN C ULTURE AND C OMMERCE
C HANGING M EDIA - C HANGING EUROPE S ERIES V OLUME 4
E DITED BY E LS DE B ENS
C O-EDITORS : C EES H AMELINK , K AROL J AKUBOWICZ , K AARLE N ORDENSTRENG , J AN V AN C UILENBURG R ICHARD V AN DER W URFF
First published in the UK in 2007 by Intellect Books, PO Box 862, Bristol BS99 1DE, UK
First published in the USA in 2007 by Intellect Books, The University of Chicago Press, 1427 E. 60th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Copyright 2007 Intellect Ltd
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Cover Design: Gabriel Solomons Copy Editor: Heather Owen Typesetting: Mac Style, Nafferton, E. Yorkshire
ISBN 978-1-84150-165-9/EISBN 978-1-84150-978-5
Printed and bound by Gutenberg Press, Malta
Contents
Foreword
Els De Bens
Chapter 1: Media Between Culture and Commerce: An Introduction
Jan van Cuilenburg
Chapter 2: Media diversity, competition and concentration: Concepts and Theories
Minna Aslama, Els De Bens, Jan van Cuilenburg, Kaarle Nordenstreng, Winfried Schulz Richard van der Wurff with contributions from Ildiko Kovats, Gianpietro Mazzoleni and Ralph Negrine. Edited by Jan van Cuilenburg Richard van der Wurff
Chapter 3: Measuring and Assessing Empirical Media Diversity: Some European Cases
Jan van Cuilenburg and Richard van der Wurff
Chapter 4: Toward Easy-to-Measure Media Diversity Indicators
Karol Jakubowicz
Chapter 5: Public Service Broadcasting: A Pawn on an Ideological Chessboard
Stylianos Papathanassopoulos
Chapter 6: Financing Public Service Broadcasters in the New Era
Minna Aslama and Trine Syvertsen
Chapter 7: Public Service Broadcasting and New Technologies: Marginalisation or Re-Monopolisation
Karol Jakubowitcz
Chapter 8: Looking to the Future
Karol Jakubowicz
Chapter 9: Media Governance Structures in Europe
Cees J. Hamelink and Kaarle Nordenstreng
Chapter 10: Towards Democratic Media Governance
References
Biographies
Index
Foreword
This volume is the product of a major programme under the title Changing Media - Changing Europe supported by the European Science Foundation (ESF). The ESF is the European association of national organizations responsible for the support of scientific research. Established in 1974, the Foundation currently has seventy-six Member Organisations (research councils, academies and other national scientific institutions) from twenty-nine countries. This programme is the first to be sponsored by both the Social Sciences and the Humanities Standing Committees of the ESF, and this unique cross-disciplinary organization reflects the very broad and central concerns which have shaped the Programme s work. As co-chairpersons of the Programme it has been our great delight to bring together many of the very best scholars from across the continent, but also across the disciplinary divides which so often fragment our work, to enable stimulating, innovative, and profoundly important debates addressed to understanding some of the most fundamental and critical aspects of contemporary social and cultural life.
The study of the media in Europe forces us to try to understand the major institutions which foster understanding and participation in modern societies. At the same time we have to recognize that these societies themselves are undergoing vital changes, as political associations and alliances, demographic structures, the worlds of work, leisure, domestic life, mobility, education, politics and communications themselves are all undergoing important transformations. Part of that understanding, of course, requires us not to be too readily seduced by the magnitude and brilliance of technological changes into assuming that social changes must comprehensively follow. A study of the changing media in Europe, therefore, is indeed a study of changing Europe. Research on media is closely linked to questions of economic and technological growth and expansion, but also to questions of public policy and the state, and more broadly to social, economic and cultural issues.
To investigate these very large debates the Programme is organised around four key questions. The first deals with the tension between citizenship and consumerism, that is the relation between media, the public sphere and the market; the challenges facing the media, cultural policy and the public service media in Europe. The second area of work focuses on the dichotomy and relation between culture and commerce, and the conflict in media policy caught between cultural aspirations and commercial imperatives. The third question deals with the problems of convergence and fragmentation in relation to the development of media technology on a global and European level. This leads to questions about the concepts of the information society, the network society etc., and to a focus on new media such as the internet and multimedia, and the impact of these new media on society, culture, and our work, education and everyday life. The fourth field of inquiry is concerned with media and cultural identities and the relationship between processes of homogenization and diversity. This explores the role of media in everyday life, questions of gender, ethnicity, lifestyle, social differences, and cultural identities in relation to both media audiences and media content.
In each of the books arising from this exciting Programme we expect readers to learn something new, but above all to be provoked into fresh thinking, understanding and inquiry, about how the media and Europe are both changing in novel, profound, and far reaching ways that bring us to the heart of research and discussion about society and culture in the twenty-first century.
Ib Bondebjerg Peter Golding
1
M EDIA B ETWEEN C ULTURE AND C OMMERCE : A N I NTRODUCTION
Els De Bens
An ambitious and ambiguous title
This book addresses the consequences of the profound changes that have affected the media over the last years. Its contributors reflect on the concern and the debate about the role of the media in our rapidly evolving society. They identify and analyse the conflicts and the tensions between cultural policies and market forces at work in the present-day media landscape.
The title The Media between Culture and Commerce may seem rather vague and ambiguous. It is more of a symbolic title that refers to the tensions between the public role of the media and the advancing commercialisation, between the public sphere and the market model, or, in Denis McQuail s succinct phrase, between commercialism and non-commercialism (D. McQuail, 1998, pp. 108-110).
It has not been our intention to explore in depth the concept of culture. As a matter of fact, culture itself is scarcely discussed explicitly in the present book. Culture serves rather as a portmanteau term for anything that connotes the non-commercialism and the idealistic ambitions of the public model. Commercialism refers to the pursuit of profit as a primary goal, while non-commercialism in the media is associated with pluralism, diversity, and all kinds of public interest obligations that are often at odds with the profit motives that are inherent in the market-oriented model.
Privatisation and commercialisation have actually also stimulated creativity and innovation. In the seventies radio was the first medium to be privatised in Europe. For quite some time pirate radio stations anchored outside territorial waters had been challenging the established public broadcasting monopoly. An agreement in the Council of Europe (22 January 1965) allowed for action against these commercial and illegal pirates , but not before the latter had acquired a large and enthusiastic following. These stations introduced new music genres and innovative radio styles (including disc jockeys) that were subsequently copied by the public radio broadcasters.
After a second attempt to make illegal the use of the air waves by citizen band (CB) radio amateurs, and then an explosive growth of various types of illegal private radio stations - ranging from small, emancipatory ventures to purely commercial enterprises - the authorities finally decided to legalise private radio broadcasting in the seventies. Again the competitive challenge from the private radio stations incited public broadcasters to make their radio channels more dynamic and, above all, to differentiate them. Together with the new private radio stations, the re-profiled public stations gave a strong boost to the music industry.
The privatisation of television in Europe took place in the mid-eighties and subjected public television broadcasting to shock therapy. A