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Publié par | eBookIt.com |
Date de parution | 27 novembre 2020 |
Nombre de lectures | 7 |
EAN13 | 9781456636005 |
Langue | English |
Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0150€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.
Extrait
Italian for Beginners
• The COMPLETE Crash Course to Speaking Basic Italian in 5 DAYS OR LESS! •
By Bruno Thomas & Gianni Nucci
Copyright © 2021
MORE BOOKS BY BRUNO THOMAS
T able of Contents
INTRODUCTION
IPA and Our Special Phonetic Spelling
ITALIAN PRONUNCIATION
ITALIAN GRAMMAR
NOUNS
ARTICLES
ADJECTIVES
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
VERBS
SIMPLE PRESENT – TO BE
SIMPLE PRESENT – TO HAVE
SIMPLE PRESENT – VERBS ENDING IN -ARE
VERBS ENDING IN –ERE
VERBS ENDING IN –IRE
NUMBERS, DAYS, MONTHS & SEASONS
NUMBERS
CARDINAL NUMBERS
ORDINAL NUMBERS
DAYS
WEEK
MONTHS
SEASONS
WHAT IS THE ITALIAN FOR?
MEETING PEOPLE
BASIC WORDS AND PHRASES
PRESENTATIONS
FREE TIME
DATING
VISITING THE CITY
DIRECTIONS
ACCOMODATION
TRAVELLING
TRAIN
CAR
BORDERS
AT THE RESTAURANT
MONEY
SHOPS AND SERVICES
ART
HEALTH
ALLERGIES AND FOOD INTOLLERANCES
SERVICES FOR DISABLED PEOPLE
EMERGENCIES
COMPUTER AND INTERNET
Special Thanks
Thank You for Choosing
Italian for Beginners!
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INTRODUCTION
This ebook is a basic guide to the Italian language. The main goal is to inform readers about the most important grammar rules and common phrases of the Italian language.
“Italian for Beginners” doesn’t offer an exhaustive grammar and vocabulary; however it is very useful if you are a beginner and if you want to travel to Italy.
* The vocabulary inside the guide is presented in the following format:
Word in English • Word in Italian • Phonetic Spelling • IPA (International Phonetic Alfabeth)
IPA and Our Special Phonetic Spelling
IPA symbols can be confusing when learning a foreign language. This is because some of them don’t look like the letters of our common alphabet. For examples: ø, ɛ, ɥ, ɔ̃.
Why don’t we just use our usual letters, you ask? Since this guide is for English speakers learning Italian, the following explanations apply only to English and Italian:
a) Written letters can be pronounced in different ways, depending on various factors. For example, lead (the metal) versus lead (the infinitive verb), can versus can’t and led (past tense of lead) versus lead (the metal).
b) Some sounds quite simply don’t exist in English words, e.g. the Italian R. Or, in reverse, some English sounds don’t exist in Italian, such as the “h” in “hotel”.
For these reasons, among many others, an international alphabet has been set up to cover all ‘sounds’ in all languages.
We will, however, try to give you the Italian pronunciation using regular letters of the alphabet, in case you don’t know how to read IPA. We have called this PS, which stands for “phonetic spelling”.
It is also for the reasons above that some Italian sounds are impossible to ‘write’ in PS, because English-speakers simply don’t know how to shape their mouths to pronounce these sounds. Trying to write it in PS leads to a very strange series of letters, as you will discover!
The PS we have listed in this guide, therefore, is just a guide and will not enable you to pronounce Italian perfectly. Nevertheless, it is the best representation of how an English-speaker, who doesn’t understand IPA, will be able to pronounce an Italian word.
It isn’t perfect, but it’s as close as you’re going to get without the IPA and will certainly enable you to be understood by an Italian speaker. With time, as you begin hearing Italian spoken by natives, experience will iron out the roughness of your accent and give your Italian more finesse.
On that note, here are some explanations on the PS in this guide.
Italian Vowels and Phonetic Spelling
Vowels in Italian are very important. Every single syllable and most Italian words end with a vowel, so pronouncing them correctly is key to expressing exactly what you need to say.
A
In Italian, the letter A is always pronounced in the same way as the A in the English word “machine”, with no exceptions. For this reason, you will find the word machine translated as:
Machine • macchina • mak-kee-na• ‘makkina
When the stress in a word is on the vowel A, this A should be pronounced for slightly longer, similar to the English “Ah”. In the word “macchina”, the stress is on the first syllable (PS: “mak”); therefore, you should pronounce this A for slightly longer as compared to the A of the English “machine”.
E The vowel “e” can be stressed both è and é. The difference lies only in the pronunciation. The first è is pronounced with an open mouth (like the E in the English word “text”), instead of é, which is pronounced with a more closed mouth (like the E in the English word “declaration”):
Coffee • caffè • kaf- feh • kaf'f ɛ
Why • perché • per- ke • per'ke
To help you recognize when you should use an open or closed mouth, the closed E will be kept as “e” and the open E will be written as “eh” in the PS.
Just as with the letter A, when a syllable ending with E is stressed, that E should pronounced for slightly longer. Note that pronouncing the letter E with an open mouth is different from stressing on it. When a syllable containing the letter E should be pronounced with an open mouth, and that syllable is also stressed, you will find the following PS representation:
Coffee • caffè • kaf- feh • kaf'f ɛ
The “eh” suggests that you should pronounce the syllable “feh” with an open mouth, and the underline means you also have a stress on that syllable.
I
The letter I is always pronounced as in the word “Italian”, with no exceptions. Just as with the letter A, when a syllable ending with I is stressed, that I should pronounced for slightly longer. In the PS, the I will be represented as “ee”, as shown in the following example:
gallery • galleria • gal-le-ree-a • galle’ria
In the example above, you should pronounce the letter I clearly; however, sometimes the letter I only works to soften the sound of the letters C or G.
For example:
Hello • ciao • cha-o • ‘ t ʃ a ʊ
Yellow • giallo • jal-lo • ‘ dʒallo
In this case, the PS representation will not report the I, because it should not be clearly pronounced.
O
As with the letter E, the O can be pronounced using an open mouth (similar to the O in the English word “above”) or using a closed mouth (similar to the O in the English “word”). You will not find this difference represented by any accent in Italian. To help you recognize where you should use an open or closed mouth, the PS will show ‘o’ when you are supposed to use a closed mouth. When the O must be pronounced using an open mouth, you will find it represented as “oh”, as in the following example:
Car • automobile • a-oo-to- moh -bee-le • auto’m ɔ bile
As with the letter E, pronouncing the letter O with an open mouth is different from stressing on it. However, in the example, above you should use an open mouth when pronouncing the syllable “moh” and this syllable should also be stressed.
U
This vowel should always be pronounced like the English sound “oo”. Therefore, you will find it represented as “oo” in the PS. For example:
Owl • gufo • goo-fo • ‘gufo
ITALIAN PRONUNCIATION
Italian pronunciation is very regular, so, once the rules are clear, it becomes easy to pronounce each word correctly. Italian and English both share the Latin alphabet, but most of the time the sounds represented by the letters differ considerably between the two languages.
Italian is a phonetic language, meaning that it is spoken the way it is written. Although there is no strict rule, in most Italian words the accent falls on the next-to-last syllable. Of course, there are many exceptions. When words should be stressed on the last vowel, they always have a written accent over that vowel.
City • città • cheet- ta • t ʃ it'ta
Virtue • virtù • veer- too • vir'tu
Sometimes, and not that rarely, the stress might fall onto the second next-to-last syllable. To help you recognize where to put the stress, you will find the stressed syllable underlined in the PS writing, as in the following example:
Comb • pettine • pet -tee-ne • ‘pettine
Note that one-syllable words do not need to be pronounced for longer. There are only few exceptions to this:
Yes • Sì • see • si
No • No • noh • no
here • qui • kwee • kwi
there • lì • lee • 'li
Since you should pronounce these one-syllable words longer, you will find these words underlined in the PS.
The consonant C when followed by a, o, or u has a sound similar to the English “k”; when it is followed by e and i it is similar to the English “ch”, as in chocolate.
G before a, o or u and before consonants has a sound like the g in goal; before e and i, it sounds like the g in gentleman. Gli is similar to ll in million, and Gn to the ny in canyon.
H is silent, not aspirated. S followed by vowels and unvoiced consonants (c, f, p, q, s, t) is pronounced like the s in sun.
The R sound is tricky because it does not really exist in the English language. To pronounce it correctly, you should roll the tip of your tongue over the front of your palate. S followed by voiced consonants (b, d, g, l, m, n, r, v) is pronounced like the s in rose. Z can be pronounced like ds in beds, or like ts in bets.
The remaining consonants not listed here are quite similar to the English sounds. Note that when you find a double consonant in an Italian word, you should stay long on that consonant, in order to pronounce it correctly.
ITALIAN GRAMMAR
NOUNS