Effects of the Second Language on the First

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This book looks at changes in the first language of people who know a second language, thus seeing L2 users as people in their own right differing from the monolingual in both first and second languages. It presents theories and research that investigate the first language of second language users from a variety of perspectives including vocabulary, pragmatics, cognition, and syntax and using a variety of linguistic and psychological models.

Acknowledgements

Contributors

1 Vivian Cook: Introduction: The Changing L1 in the L2 User’s Mind

2 Batia Laufer: The Influence of L2 on L1 Collocational Knowledge and on L1 Lexical Diversity in Free Written Expression

3 Aneta Pavlenko: ‘I Feel Clumsy Speaking Russian’: L2 Influence on L1 in Narratives of Russian L2 Users of English

4 Jasone Cenoz: The Intercultural Style Hypothesis: L1 and L2 Interaction in Requesting Behaviour

5 Scott Jarvis: Probing the Effects of the L2 on the L1: A Case Study

6 Graeme Porte: English from a Distance: Code-mixing and Blending in the L1 Output of Long-Term Resident Overseas EFL Teachers

7 Jean-Marc Dewaele and Aneta Pavlenko: Productivity and Lexical Diversity in Native and Non-Native Speech: A Study of Cross-cultural Effects

8 Victoria A. Murphy and Karen J. Pine: L2 Influence on L1 Linguistic Representations

9 Patricia Balcom: Cross-linguistic Influence of L2 English on Middle Constructions in L1 French

10 Vivian Cook, Elisabet Iarossi, Nektarios Stellakis and Yuki Tokumaru: Effects of the L2 on the Syntactic Processing of the L1

11 Teresa Satterfield: Economy of Interpretation: Patterns of Pronoun Selection in Transitional Bilinguals

12 Ulrike Jessner: A Dynamic Approach to Language Attrition in Multilingual Systems

13 Istvan Kecskes and Tunde Papp: How to Demonstrate the Conceptual Effect of L2 on L1? Methods and Techniques

Index

Sujets

Disciplines

Language Arts

Teaching

Lettres et linguistique

Linguistics

Language Acquisition: A Journal of Developmental Linguistics

Study

Professional

Postgraduate education

General officer

General

Research

Postgraduate

SLA

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Publié par	Multilingual Matters
Date de parution	14 février 2003
Nombre de lectures	4
EAN13	9781853596346
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	1 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,1250€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

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Effects of the Second Language on the First

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Series Editor:Professor David Singleton,Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland

This new series will bring together titles dealing with a variety of aspects of language acquisition and processing in situations where a language or languages other than the native language is involved. Second language will thus be interpreted in its broadest possible sense. The volumes included in the series will all in their different ways offer, on the one hand, exposition and discussion of empirical findings and, on the other, some degree of theoretical reflection. In this latter connection, no particular theoretical stance will be privileged in the series; nor will any relevant perspective – sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic, neurolinguistic, etc. – be deemed out of place. The intended readership of the series will be final-year undergraduates working on second language acquisition projects, postgraduate students involved in second language acquisition research, and researchers and teachers in general whose interests include a second language acquisition component.

Other Books in the Series Portraits of the L2 User Vivian Cook (ed.) Learning to Request in a Second Language: A Study of Child Interlanguage Pragmatics Machiko Achiba

Other Books of Interest Cross-linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen and U. Jessner (eds) English in Europe: The Acquisition of a Third Language Jasone Cenoz and Ulrike Jessner (eds) Foreign Language and Culture Learning from a Dialogic Perspective Carol Morgan and Albane Cain The Good Language Learner N. Naiman, M. Fröhlich, H.H. Stern and A. Todesco Language Learners as Ethnographers Celia Roberts, Michael Byram, Ana Barro, Shirley Jordan and Brian Stre et Language Revitalization Processes and Prospects Kendall A. King Language Use in Interlingual Families: A Japanese-English Sociolinguistic Study Masayo Yamamoto The Languages of Israel: Policy, Ideology and Practice Bernard Spolsky and Elana Shohamy Motivating Language Learners Gary N. Chambers Reflections on Multiliterate Lives Diane Belcher and Ulla Connor (eds) The Sociopolitics of English Language Teaching Joan Kelly Hall and William G. Eggington (eds) World English: A Study of Its Development Janina Brutt-Griffler

Please contact us for the latest book information: Multilingual Matters, Frankfurt Lodge, Clevedon Hall, Victoria Road, Clevedon, BS21 7HH, England http://www.multilingual-matters.com

SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION 3 Series Editor: David Singleton,Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland

Effects of the Second Language on the First

Edited by Vivian Cook

MULTILINGUAL MATTERS LTD Clevedon • Buffalo • Toronto • Sydney

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Effects of the Second Language on the First/Edited by Vivian Cook. Second Language Acquisition: 3 Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Language and languages–Study and teaching–Psychological aspects. I. Cook, V.J. (Vivian James). II. Second language acquisition P53.7 .E37 2003 418–dc21 2002015681

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue entry for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 1-85359-633-7 (hbk) ISBN 1-85359-632-9 (pbk)

Multilingual Matters Ltd UK: Frankfurt Lodge, Clevedon Hall, Victoria Road, Clevedon BS21 7HH. USA: UTP, 2250 Military Road, Tonawanda, NY 14150, USA. Canada: UTP, 5201 Dufferin Street, North York, Ontario M3H 5T8, Canada. Australia: Footprint Books, PO Box 418, Church Point, NSW 2103, Australia.

Typeset by Wordworks Ltd. Printed and bound in Great Britain by the Cromwell Press Ltd.

Contents

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

Introduction: The Changing L1 in the L2 User’s Mind Vivian Cook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

The Influence of L2 on L1 Collocational Knowledge and on L1 Lexical Diversity in Free Written Expression Batia Laufer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

‘I Feel Clumsy Speaking Russian’: L2 Influence on L1 in Narratives of Russian L2 Users of English Aneta Pavlenko. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

The Intercultural Style Hypothesis: L1 and L2 Interaction in Requesting Behaviour Jasone Cenoz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Probing the Effects of the L2 on the L1: A Case Study Scott Jarvis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

English from a Distance: Code-mixing and Blending in the L1 Output of Long-Term Resident Overseas EFL Teachers Graeme Porte. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Productivity and Lexical Diversity in Native and Non-Native Speech: A Study of Cross-cultural Effects Jean-Marc Dewaele and Aneta Pavlenko. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

L2 Influence on L1 Linguistic Representations Victoria A. Murphy and Karen J. Pine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

Effects of the Second Language on the First

Cross-linguistic Influence of L2 English on Middle Constructions in L1 French Patricia Balcom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

10 Effects of the L2 on the Syntactic Processing of the L1 Vivian Cook, Elisabet Iarossi, Nektarios Stellakis and Yuki Tokumaru. 193

11 Economy of Interpretation: Patterns of Pronoun Selection in Transitional Bilinguals Teresa Satterfield. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214

12 A Dynamic Approach to Language Attrition in Multilingual Systems Ulrike Jessner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

13 How to Demonstrate the Conceptual Effect of L2 on L1? Methods and Techniques Istvan Kecskes and Tunde Papp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to the contributors who gave their time and support, first to the workshop out of which this volume arose, then to the preparation and writing of their chapters. I would like to thank the following who helped me by looking at various parts of the book: Panos Athanasopoulos, Jean-Marc Dewaele, Roger Hawkins, Batia Laufer and Andrew Radford. And finally no book of mine would get written if not for the music of people such as Wayne Shorter, Django Bates and Max Roach.

vii

Contributors

Pat Balcom:Université de Moncton: balcomp@UMoncton.ca Jasone Cenoz:University of the Basque Country: fipceirj@vc.ehu.es Vivian Cook:University of Essex, England: vcook@essex.ac.uk Jean-Marc Dewaele:Birkbeck College, England: j.dewaele@french.bbk.ac.uk Elisabet Iarossi:eiarossi@lycos.com

Scott Jarvis:

Ohio University: jarvis@ohiou.edu

Ulrike Jessner:University of Innsbruck: ulrike.jessner@t-online.de Istvan Kecskes:SUNY at Albany: istvank@nycap.rr.com Batia Laufer:University of Haifa: batialau@hotmail.com Victoria Murphy:University of Herts: V.A.Murphy@herts.ac.uk Tunde Papp:SUNY at Albany: tundep@nycap.rr.com Aneta Pavlenko:Temple University, USA: apavlenk@astro.ocis.temple.edu Karen Pine:University of Herts: psyrkjp@herts.ac.uk Graeme Porte:Universidad de Granada: gporte@ugr.es Teresa Satterfield:University of Michigan: tsatter@umich.edu Nektarios Stellakis:nstellakis@yahoo.com Yuki Tokumaru:University of Essex: ytokum@essex.ac.uk

viii

Chapter 1 Introduction: The Changing L1 in the L2 User’s Mind

VIVIAN COOK

In 1953 Ulrich Weinreich talked about interference as ‘those instances of deviation from the norms of either language which occur in the speech of bilinguals as a result of their familiarity with more than one language’ (Weinreich, 1953: 1). This fits with everybody’s common-sense belief that your first language (L1) has an effect on your second language (L2). The foreign accents we hear confirm this every day; an English speaker can tell whether someone is French or Japanese after a few words of English. In the fifty years since Weinreich’s book, there has been extensive research into how the learning and use of a second language is affected by the first language, whether conceived as Contrastive Analysis, transfer, cross-linguistic influence, resetting of parameters or in many other ways. Yet few people seemed to notice that Weinreich’s definition concerned deviation fromeitherlanguage. As well as the first language influencing the second, the second language influences the first. Perhaps this effect is less detectable in our everyday experience: only complex instrumental analysis of a Spanish speaker’s accent in Spanish will reveal whether the speaker also knows English. It becomes blatant only when the first language starts to disappear, for instance when a speaker brings more and more L2 words into his or her first language. This volume is perhaps the first book to be devoted only to the effects of the second language on the first, sometimes called ‘reverse’ or ‘backward’ transfer. It arose out of an invitational workshop held in Wivenhoe House in 2001, at which all the papers included in this volume were delivered, apart from two (Porte, Chapter 6; Cooket al., Chapter 10). By using a variety of perspectives, methodologies and languages, the research reported here shows that the first language of people who know other languages differs from that of their monolingual peers in diverse ways, with consequences for second language acquisition research, linguistics and language teaching. The range of contributions shows the extent to which this question

Effects of the Second Language on the First

impinges not only on all the areas of language from vocabulary to pragmatics, but also on a variety of contemporary approaches currently being developed by second language acquisition (SLA) researchers. The book is intended for researchers in second language acquisition research and bilingualism, students and teachers around the world. The breadth of the contributions in terms of countries, languages, aspects of language and theories means that it relates to most SLA courses at some point, whether at undergraduate or postgraduate level. This introduction provides some background to the different contribu-tions in this volume. It tries not to steal their thunder by anticipating their arguments and conclusions, but provides a more personal overview, with which of course not all of the writers will be in complete accord. It relies in part on a summary overview of issues provided to the writers by Batia Laufer after the conference. It does not attempt to deal with the vast areas of language transfer from L1 to L2 or with the field of language attrition, covered in such classic texts as Odlin (1989) or Weltenset al. (1986).

Multicompetence

For me, and for many of the contributors, the question of L2 effects on the L1 arose out of the notion of multi-competence. Initially the term was used almost as a convenience. While ‘interlanguage’ had become the standard term for the speaker’s knowledge of a second language, no word existed that encompassed their knowledge ofboththe second languageandtheir first: on the one hand the L1, on the other the interlanguage, but nothing that included both. Hence ‘multi-competence’ was introduced to mean ‘knowledge of two or more languages in one mind’ (Cook, 1991). For convenience we will mostly talk about ‘second language’ and bilingualism here, but this does not preclude multiple languages and multilingualism. Since the first language and the other language or languages are in the same mind, they must form a language super-system at some level rather than be completely isolated systems. Multi-competence then raised questions about the relationship between the different languages in use. How do people code-switch fluently from one language to another? How do they ‘gate out’ one language while using the other (Lambert, 1990)? How do they manage more than one pragmatic and phonological system? Multi-competence also raised questions about cognition. Does an L2 user have a single set of ideas in the mind, more than one set of ideas, a merged set from different languages, or a new set of ideas unlike the sum of its parts? And multi-competence also led inevitably to questions about acquisition. What roles do the first language and the other language or