Summary of Steven E. Koonin's Unsettled , livre ebook

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28 pages

English

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Description

Please note: This is a companion version & not the original book.

Sujets

Earth science

Informations

Publié par	Everest Media LLC
Date de parution	07 avril 2022
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781669381105
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	1 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0150€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

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Insights on Steven E. Koonin's Unsettled
Contents Insights from Chapter 1 Insights from Chapter 2
Insights from Chapter 1

#1

The questions of influence, response, and impact are the core of climate science. They are similar to the questions parents try to guide their children’s development through example and reward good behavior, and punish bad.

#2

The science we learn in school is a collection of certainties about the natural world. However, each of these facts was hard won through a succession of logical inferences based on many observations or experiments.

#3

The IPCC has established a second set of calibrated terms to indicate confidence in a given finding. Confidence is a qualitative judgment that depends on the number, quality, and agreement of different lines of evidence. The five levels of confidence are Very high, High, Medium, Low, and Very low.

#4

The most prominent series of assessment reports is produced under the auspices of the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which was established in 1988. The IPCC issued its first assessment in 1990, and the Sixth Assessment Report is expected in the summer of 2021.

#5

The Science behind climate change is complex, and it is often presented that way to make it seem more simple. However, the truth is that most severe weather events remain within past variability.

#6

Measuring the world is a childhood obsession of mine. I loved taking temperature readings, and I still do today. The earth is large and not easy to cover, so gathering accurate, precise climate data is difficult.

#7

The temperature graph in Figure 1. 1 is a good example of how climate is not the same as weather. The weather anywhere varies constantly in ways both predictable and unexpected, but climate is the average of that weather over decades.

#8

The temperature anomaly graph in Figure 1. 1 shows how much the average daily temperature at a location deviates from its baseline value, averaged over each day of the year and over the whole globe. We can see that the global average anomaly has gone up over the past century.

#9

The global average surface temperature record shown in Figure 1. 1 is not just a jumbled sequence of random values. The history is not just a mix of random values, but a clear trend over decades, with ups and downs superimposed on an overall warming trend.

#10

The blobs on the Post’s maps are not due to global climate changes, but rather are the result of urbanization or the growth of human activities in rural areas that have produced oil and gas.

#11

The Post’s map shows varying trends of the global temperature anomaly, and it is thought that these vary due to several different causes. One is that the climate system shows internal variability, which is caused by slow ocean currents.

#12

The term climate change is often used to promote confusion. It is used to mean change that is caused by human activity, when in reality, it refers to any change in the climate.

#13

The climate is changing, and it has been for a long time. But the details of how that change has occurred are important. They help us understand the impacts of a changing climate.

#14

The oceans are the most important and problematic piece of the climate system. They hold more than 90 percent of the climate’s heat and are its long-term memory. Conditions in the atmosphere swing wildly from day to day and year to year in response to any number of influences.

#15

Argo data will be essential to understanding changing ocean conditions in the coming decades, but data on the ocean’s past is limited in coverage and quality. There is a clear upward trend in the oceans’ heat energy, with the upper 300 meters warming more rapidly than the deeper layers.

#16

The heat content of the oceans is another indicator of recent warming. It has been rising, and is a sign that the planet has been warming in recent decades. But past climates have to be inferred in other ways.

#17

Proxy data, which reflect the climate conditions at a single location, are better than direct measurements of temperature. They can be complicated to interpret, and uncertainties grow as you go further back in time.

#18

The real question is not whether the globe has warmed recently, but rather to what extent this warming is being caused by humans. To answer this, we must know more about how (and how much) humans influence the climate.

#19

The earth’s temperature is determined by a balance between warming by sunlight and cooling by heat radiated back out into space. The planet’s albedo, which is the percentage of sunlight it reflects, is variable.

#20

The albedo is the reflectivity of the earth’s surface, and it is important to understand how it affects the climate system. If the average albedo were to increase from 0.