Encyclopedia of Aerodynamics , livre ebook

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Extrait

Description

The Encyclopedia of Aerodynamics was written for pilots at all levels from private pilot to airline pilot, military pilots and students of aerodynamics as a complete reference manual to aerodynamic terminology. General aerodynamic text books for pilots are relatively limited in their scope while aerodynamic text books for engineering students involve complex calculus. The references in this book, The Encyclopedia of Aerodynamics, are clearly described and only basic algebra is used in a few references but is completely devoid of any calculus - an advantage to many readers. Over 1400 references are included with alternative terms used where appropriate and cross-referenced throughout. The text is illustrated with 178 photographs and 96 diagrams. The Encyclopedia of Aerodynamics is an ideal aerodynamic reference manual for any pilot's bookshelf.

Informations

Publié par	Andrews UK
Date de parution	25 novembre 2015
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781785383250
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	17 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,1124€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

Contents

ïoucîo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .îîî Ackowegemeŝ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vî

A          1 B         75 C        113 D        170 E        220 F        237 G        292 H        310 ï         331 J         357 K        361 L        371 M        415

N        449 O        468 P        478 Q        547 R        548 S        626 T        732 U        802 V        806 W        832 X        861 Y        862 Z        865

Bîbîogapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AERODYNAMICS

FRANK E. ïCENS

05 îgîa veŝîo by Aewŝ UK îmîe www.aewŝuk.com

Copyîg © 05 Fak E. îceŝ

He îg o Fak E. îceŝ o be îeîIe aŝ e Auo o îŝ Wok aŝ bee aŝŝee î accoace wî e Copyîg, Deŝîgŝ a Paeŝ Ac 998.

A îgŝ eŝeve. No pa o îŝ pubîcaîo may be epouce, ŝoe î a eîeva ŝyŝem, o aŝmîe, î ay om o by ay meaŝ wîou e pîo wîe pemîŝŝîo o e pubîŝe, o be oewîŝe cîcuae î ay om o bîîg o cove oe a a î wîc î îŝ pubîŝe a wîou a ŝîmîa coîîo beîg împoŝe o e ŝubŝeque pucaŝe. Ay peŝo wo oeŝ ŝo may be îabe o cîmîa poŝecuîo a cîvî caîmŝ o amageŝ.

Introduction

He Ecycopeîa o Aeoyamîcŝ waŝ wîe o cove a aŝpecŝ o aeoyamîcŝ, wîc ae o îeeŝ o pîoŝ, aeoauîca egîeeŝ, a ŝueŝ o aeoyamîcŝ. Aeoyamîc eeeceŝ acoŝŝ e ŝpee age ae îcue om owŝpee ŝubŝoîc o ŝupeŝoîc a ypeŝoîc aeoyamîcŝ, puŝ eîcope a popee aeoyamîcŝ; eîeŝ o eŝeac aîcaT, eŝeac acîîîeŝ, eŝ pîoŝ, a aeoyamîcîŝŝ ae aŝo îcue, aog wî a coŝŝeeece. Aeoyamîcŝ îŝ a appîe ŝcîece îvovîg e moîo o a aîcaT movîg oug e aî a e eacîo o e aî we îŝube by a aîcaT. He ame aeoyamîcŝ îŝ ake om e Geek aguage weeaerîos(aeo) meaŝ eaîg wî e aî a dynamîsmeaŝ oce. oweve, e ŝubjec ca be ue îvîe îo caŝŝîca (ŝubŝoîc), aŝoîc, ŝupeŝoîc a ypeŝoîc aeoyamîcŝ. Popee a eîcope aeoyamîcŝ îŝ bo a exeŝîo o caŝŝîca aeoyamîcŝ a bo ave eî ow pecuîaîîeŝ a caaceîŝîcŝ. Fuî yamîcŝ waŝ e ame e eay ŝcîeîŝŝ uŝe we eeîg o wa we ow kow aŝ caŝŝîca aeoyamîcŝ, wîc îŝ baŝe agey o Newo’ŝ ee awŝ o Moîo ake om Newoîa mecaîcŝ. ï eaŝ wî ŝubŝoîc Low wî veocîîeŝ beow Mac 0.8 a coveŝ e cocepŝ o aî eŝîŝace, amîa a ubue aîLow, e bouay aye, Beouî’ŝ Heoem, ŝepaaîo a ŝagaîo poîŝ, cîcuaîo, Reyoŝ umbeŝ a voîceŝ î a îcompeŝŝîbe Low. Supeŝoîc aeoyamîcŝ aŝŝumeŝ e aî îŝ a compeŝŝîbe Low a îouceŝ e emŝ o Mac umbe, ŝockwaveŝ, aeoyamîc eaîg a compeŝŝîbîîy, eceea. aŝoîc aeoyamîcŝ eaŝ wî e pobemŝ o Lîg bewee Mac 0.8 o Mac . ecompaŝŝîg

gaua cageŝ î coîîoŝ bewee e ŝubŝoîc a ŝupeŝoîc Lîg egîmeŝ. We î a îŝ îomaîo oîgîae? He ŝcîece o aeoyamîcŝ îŝ a eaîvey ew ŝcîece aŝ we kow oay; oweve ŝome peope maybe ŝupîŝe o ea î Iŝ ŝae may ecaeŝ beoe aîcaT Iŝ Lew. ï aŝ îŝ oîgîŝ î e –7th Ceuîeŝ we e eay ŝcîeîŝŝ wee eŝeacîg baîŝîcŝ, yauîcŝ a Luî yamîcŝ (e efec o wae Low o ŝîpŝ, ec). Wo mae eŝe împoa îŝcoveîeŝ eaîg up o e moe aeoyamîcŝ a we kow oay? ïîîay, we ca ak Daîe Beouî (700–78) a coempoay o ïŝaac Newo a Beouî’ŝ coeague, eoa Eue (707–78) a Sî Geoge Cayey (77–857) wo ŝome auoîîeŝ coŝîe o be e oîgîa ae o aeoyamîcŝ o eavîe a aî Lîg. May oe gea ameŝ ave bee îvove wî e eveopme o aeoyamîcŝ, eŝpecîay î e Iŝ a o e 0th Ceuy. Heŝe ameŝ ca be aîbue o a ŝeec ew – ŝuc ameŝ aŝ Poeŝŝoŝ Aop Büŝema, Nîkoaî Joukowŝkî, Heooe vo Kama, Maî Kua, uwîg Pa, D. Dîeîc Kücema a Rîca Wîcomb. Hîŝ îŝ îŝ by o meaŝ compee a ŝevea moe ameŝ ae meîoe wîî e pageŝ o îŝ book; oweve, my apoogîeŝ o oŝe o meîoe, wo ave aŝo coîbue geay o e ŝcîece o aeoyamîcŝ. Muc o îŝ eay eŝeac oîgîae î coîea Euope – Swîzea, Gemay, Ruŝŝîa, a aŝo Ega a o a eŝŝe egee î oe couîeŝ. He bîg NACA/NASA eŝeac ceeŝ î e USA, wîc ŝae î e 0th Ceuy, î a ŝî o coîbue a gea ea o aeoyamîc eŝeac. We ŝou aŝo emembe e eŝ pîoŝ wo Lew e eŝeac aîcaT, îŝkîg eî îveŝ (a ŝomeîmeŝ oŝîg î) o eŝ a pove vaîouŝ aeoyamîc eoîeŝ. Pîoŝ a aeoyamîcîŝŝ aîke ave a coîbue a vaŝ amou o îomaîo a kowege o e ŝcîece o aeoyamîcŝ o împove e ŝaey o Lîg a o couŝe, o make Lîg poŝŝîbe. Wî eî vaue îpu, e avîaîo wo – a î ac e woe wo – aŝ

pogeŝŝe î eapŝ a bouŝ o wa we kow oay, wî ŝae a eicîe aîcaT o aŝpo peope a eîg om pace o pace aou e wo. Aeoyamîcŝ îŝ e aŝcîaîg ŝcîece beî aîcaT Lîg, a ŝubjec a a pîoŝ (a aeoŝpace egîeeŝ) muŝ kow a eaŝ a îe abou – a e moe a pîo kowŝ abou aeoyamîcŝ, e ŝae e wî be aŝ a pîo. Hîŝ book, He Ecycopeîa o Aeoyamîcŝ, wî aŝwe may queŝîoŝ e eae aŝ o îŝ aŝcîaîg ŝubjec o e uaîo o îŝ Lyîg caee om ab îîîo ŝue pîo o aîîe aŝpo pîo, eceaîo pîo o mîîay pîo, eceea. Ove ŝîxee ue eîeŝ ae îcue; may ae coŝŝeeece o aŝŝocîae ŝubjecŝ a backe up wî 97 îagamŝ a a ŝeecîo o poogapŝ. He auo’ŝ îeîo aŝ bee o peŝe e ŝubjec o aeoyamîcŝ î a eaŝy o ea oma a o keep maemaîcŝ o e vey mîîmum, wîe ocuŝîg moe o e pyŝîca aŝpecŝ o aeoyamîcŝ. Sevea oe bookŝ ae avaîabe o e ŝue coveîg egîeeîg aeoyamîcŝ, îvovîg îge maemaîcŝ a Cacuuŝ. A îagamŝ ave bee aw ee a a ae o o ŝcae; eeoe, ey o o epeŝe ay paîcua aîcaT. By coveîo, îagamŝ epeŝeîg e aîLow ove a aîcaT aŝŝume e aîcaT o be movîg om îg o eT; îagamŝ o popeeŝ aŝŝume e popee bae o be movîg om eT o îg. ï îŝ aŝo aŝŝume e aîcaT îŝ ŝaîoay wî e aîLow movîg ove î, wîc îŝ e oppoŝîe o eaîy. Keep îŝ î mî o avoî ay couŝîo o e aîLow ŝîuaîo.

Acknowledgements

A poogapŝ ae om e auo’ŝ coecîo wî e excepîo o e MD80 Popa eŝ pae poogap, wîc waŝ eey oae by amîo Saa o Coecîcu, USA, o wom ï am uy aku.

Aîîoay, ï wou îke o ak oŝe peope wo ave epe me wî îŝ book a aagîg o me o uŝe e poogapŝ om my ow coecîo o eî aîcaT. Namey, Saa Swa om e Naîoa Muŝeum O e Uîe Saeŝ Aî Foce î Dayo, Oîo; Mega Maum om e Pîma Aî & Space Muŝeum î ucŝo, AR; Babaa Gîbe om e Fee Aî Am Muŝeum î Yoevîo, UK; Kae Cîck om e RAF Muŝeum î Coŝo, UK; owa eeey a e Newak Aî Muŝeum î Newako e a Dîae Jameŝ a e Mîa Aî Muŝeum, Covey, UK.

Fîay, ï eîcae îŝ book o my beove wîe, Deîe, wo ecouage me uîg my eay eŝeacîg a wîîg îŝ book. Uouaey, ŝe waŝ o o ŝee e Ia eŝu.

Fak îceŝ, Weîgo, New Zeaa.

Absoute aerodynamîc ceîîng He abŝoue aeoyamîc ceîîg îŝ e maxîmum eŝîy aîue a wîc e aîcaT’ŝ ae o cîmb aŝ euce o zeo ee pe mîue, ue o euce egîe powe. We a aîcaT cîmbŝ o aîue, e uŝ oŝepowe equîe îceaŝeŝ a e uŝ oŝepowe avaîabe eceaŝeŝ. Eveuay a aîue îŝ eace wee eŝe wo equîemeŝ coîcîe a e abŝoue aeoyamîc ceîîg, ee îŝ o moe exceŝŝ uŝ oŝepowe avaîabe o cîmbîg, a uŝ, e ae o cîmb euceŝ o zeo. He mîîmum a maxîmum eve Lîg ŝpeeŝ aog wî e maxîmum age a ae o cîmb ŝpeeŝ a covege ow o oe ŝpee. ï îŝ aŝo kow aŝ e abŝoue ceîîg, o aeoyamîc ceîîg. Compare wîCombat ceîîng;Servîce ceîîng.

Absoute ceîîng SeeAbsoute aerodynamîc ceîîng.

Absoute densîty He abŝoue eŝîy eeŝ o e eoeîca aî eŝîy a a gîve aîue accoîg o e ïeaîoa Saa Amoŝpee (ïSA) coîîoŝ. He ŝea eve aî eŝîy îŝ aŝŝume o be .5 kg/m3 o 0.075 b/cu.T.

SeeDensîty.

Absoute pressureabŝoue peŝŝue îŝ equa o gage He peŝŝue puŝ e ambîe amoŝpeîc peŝŝue. ï îŝ zeo eeece agaîŝ a abŝoue (peec) vacuum. Abŝoue peŝŝue = gage peŝŝue + ambîe peŝŝue. He abŝoue peŝŝue îŝ uŝe îBoye’s Lawo a cacuaîoŝ.

Absoute zero temperatureabŝoue eoeîca He mîîmum empeaue by îeaîoa ageeme a wîc a e moecua moîo ceaŝeŝ îŝ 7.5°C o 59.7°F o zeo o e Kevî a Rakîe ŝcaeŝ. He abŝoue zeo empeaue îŝ ou wee a emoyamîc ŝyŝem aŝ oŝ îŝ eegy, e eopy îŝ a îŝ mîîmum vaue a o moe ea îŝ avaîabe – î îŝ a îŝ abŝoue mîîmum. Jacqueŝ Caeŝ (7–8) a Fec pyŝîcîŝ îŝ ceîe wî îŝcoveîg cîca 787, e abŝoue zeo empeaue. Caeŝ’ aw ŝaeŝ e voume o gaŝ îŝ îecy popoîoa o îŝ empeaue. By poîg e voume o a gaŝeŝ veŝuŝ empeaue, Caeŝ îŝcovee e îeŝ a covege a e ŝame poî o e gap îîcaîg 59.7 egeeŝ Faeeî. SeeTemperature.

Acceerated sta A acceeae ŝa îŝ oe eee om a ŝpee we above e VS1Lapŝ up ŝa ŝpee. A apî upeevao moveme, a ŝeep age o bak, o a veîca guŝ cauŝîg e aîcaT o pîc up wî ŝome ae o cîmb poŝŝîbe ca cauŝe î. He aîcaT ŝaŝ a a ŝpee îge a e oma Lapŝup ŝa ŝpee eee by gaua upeevao poucîg a zeo ae o cîmb. Hîŝ îŝ poo e aîcaT ca ŝa a ay aî ŝpee we e cîîca age o aack îŝ eace a exceee. He acceeae ŝa îŝ aŝo kow aŝ a îgŝpee ŝa, o gbeak.

Acceeratîon A acceeaîo îŝ e ae o cage î îecîo, o veocîy. Heeoe, a îceaŝe î ŝpee a/o a cage î îecîo ae coŝîee acceeaîo. Acceeaîo îŝ îecy popoîoa o e ubaace oce a îveŝey popoîoa o îŝ maŝŝ. Reucîg ŝpee (eceeaîg) îŝ a egaîve acceeaîo. Acceeaîo = cage î veocîy/îme o veocîy cage. (A = ΔV/Δ).