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84 pages

English

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This fantastic book, filled with amazing facts and photographs, describes what life was like for the Incas. It gives an in-depth account of all aspects of life and people of the time - including sections about emperors, cities, religion, gods, everyday life and many more. The 'All About' series is an educational collection of books from P S Quick, and is targeted to interest 7 to 11 year olds - but will fascinate readers of all ages. At the end of each book there is a quiz section for the reader, featuring 150 questions and answers.

Informations

Publié par	Andrews UK
Date de parution	05 mars 2015
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781783337613
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	2 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0150€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

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Title Page
ALL ABOUT
IMPRESSIVE INCAS
P S Quick

Publisher Information
Published in 2014 by
Andrews UK Limited
www.andrewsuk.com
The right of P S Quick to be identified as the Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1998
Copyright © 2014 P S Quick
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser. Any person who does so may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

Introduction
This fantastic book, filled with amazing facts and photographs, describes what life was like for the Incas. It gives an in-depth account of all aspects of life and people of the time - including sections about emperors, cities, religion, gods, everyday life and many more.
The ‘All About’ series is an educational collection of books from P S Quick, and is targeted to interest 7 to 11 year olds - but will fascinate readers of all ages. At the end of each book there is a quiz section for the reader, featuring 150 questions and answers.

The Incas of South America
The Incas were South American Indians who lived in the Andes Mountains and the land we know as Peru today. Their first settlement was in the Cuzco valley around 1150 AD.
The Incas created one of the largest empires in the world which only lasted for a short time before it was destroyed by the Spanish explorers who were led by Francesco Pizarro. The empire extended along the Pacific coast from Chile to the southern part of Columbia and included parts of Argentina, Bolivia, modern day Ecuador and Peru.
Much of the land was covered with mountains but this was where the Incas lived. The mountains provided the perfect protection from invasion and their peaks were worshipped as gods. To the east of the Andes was the Amazon jungle where the Incas collected many of their resources. To the west of the mountains was a large coastal desert which also helped to protect the Incas from their enemies.

The expansion of the Inca Empire

Early Civilizations
Although the land in the western part of South America was quite inhospitable many tribes lived there before the Incas. Archaeologists have found that from as early as 2000 BC people were farming the land and building small villages.
Around 900 BC a tribe known as the Chavin lived in the Mosna Valley high up in the northern Andes. They built the temple of Chavin de Huantar and carved faces of their gods on huge walls of rock.
From around 700 BC to 200 BC the Paracas civilization lived along the Peruvian coast. They were farmers who used advanced irrigation methods to water their crops. Archaeologists have discovered their network of underground tombs which contain well preserved mummies wrapped in magnificent fabrics which had been dyed and decorated. The Paracas were also skilled surgeons.
The Nazca civilization occupied the coastal plain of Southern Peru from around 200 BC to 600 AD. They were skilled craftsmen in pottery and textiles as well as what were known as Nazca lines - lines which formed the shapes of animals and birds when viewed from the air. They also built underground aqueducts known as the Puquios, many of which still bring water into the desert area today.

Entrance to Puquios aqueduct
From about 100 AD to 700 AD the Moche lived in the Lambayeque and Nepena valleys on the edge of the desert that lies between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean. Using irrigation and guano as a fertilizer they changed the desert into rich arable land where they grew their crops. They not only fished and hunted but were also skilled metal workers using gold, silver and other metals to make jewellery, ornaments and tools. The Moche were also skilled potters and weavers.
The Chimu began to build their empire when the Moche civilization declined in the late 700’s AD. They built their capital Chan Chan, which was one of the largest cities in the world at the time, around 1200 AD. They built stepped pyramids like the Moche who had come before them and constructed their temples on the top.
The Chimu was a civilization based upon its agriculture, made possible by the large scale irrigation systems that they used. When the Incas first attacked the city of Chin Chan they destroyed all the irrigation systems so that nothing could grow. This way they were able to conquer the Chimu. Today the whole area is uninhabitable due to the lack of water but its great walls, pyramids and temples can still be seen today.

The First Incas
By 1200 AD an agricultural tribe, which we now refer to as the Incas, was living in the Cuzco (also spelt Cusco) valley area of Peru. They were believed to have come originally from the village of Paqari-tampu, about 15 miles south of Cuzco.
Under their leader, Manco Capac, Cuzco was founded and became a city-state that ruled the lands around it. The leader of these people was called the Inca. He was like an emperor and completely controlled his people who became known as ‘the Inca’s people’ or the Incas, so giving this name to their tribe. The Incas called themselves ‘The Children of the Sun’.
The Incas spoke a language known as Quechua. Manco Capac was the first to be called Sapa Inca which means ‘The Great One’ or ‘The Only Inca’ in this language. Most historians believe there were thirteen Inca rulers or emperors in all.
The Incas were a peaceful group of people and rarely quarrelled with neighbouring tribes. Until the early 1400’s AD they were content with the land they had and did not try to increase its size. It was not until 1438 AD when the Chancay tribe attacked the Incas that this began to change.

Manco Capac

The Inca Empire
When the ruling emperor Viracocha failed to defeat the invading Chancay tribe in 1438 AD, his son Yupanqui took charge of the fighting and defeated them. Yupanqui renamed himself Pachacuti, the earth shaker, and made Cuzco his capital city. This was the beginning of the Inca Empire.

The Emperor Pachacuti
Pachacuti was a remarkable warrior who was not content with just winning this battle. With his soldiers he set out to conquer the other tribes who lived in this area of South America. The empire continued to expand with many people deciding to join with the Incas rather than fighting against them. Pachacuti was the first leader to be an excellent administrator as well as soldier.
Pachacuti was wise and allowed the leaders of these lands to continue governing their people as long as they faithfully supported him. He did all he could to unite his people. The Incas integrated the skills, art and craft they discovered with their own. They even worshipped some of the same gods as their previous enemies. Pachacuti insisted that everyone spoke a common language called Quechua. This is still spoken in South America today.
Pachacuti changed Cuzco from a small village into a large city that became the centre of the Inca Empire. Here he formed a powerful government, wrote new laws and built schools. He built fortresses and cities and is remembered for building the city of Machu Picchu. When Pachacuti died in 1471 AD his son became the tenth emperor, known as Topa Inca or Tupac.
Tupac continued to expand the empire and is remembered for defeating the kingdom of Chimor. Land in central Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Ecuador now belonged to the Incas. Tupac died in 1493 AD.

Pachacuti and his son Tupac
The eleventh emperor was Huayna Capac and he ruled from 1493 AD to 1527 AD. The empire continued to expand to include southern Columbia and the highlands of Ecuador. It was during his reign that the Inca Empire was at its most powerful.
When Huayna Capac died he left two of his sons, Huascar and Atahualpa, to rule different parts of the empire but they quarrelled and there was a civil war. Atahualpa eventually defeated his brother and became the emperor.
At this time the Spanish Conquistadors were exploring South America looking for gold and other treasures. The empire had been weakened by the conflict and disease. The Incas were no match for the Spanish explorer Francisco Pizarro who was able to kill many of the Inca people with the aid of horses, weapons and cannons. He captured the city of Cuzco and Atahualpa. Although he first asked for a ransom for his release Atahualpa was later killed.
Huascar had already been killed, and after the death of Atahualpa, Francisco Pizarro chose Manco, one of their many brothers, to be the new leader of the remaining Incas. Manco had fought with the Spanish against his brothers and was happy to be their friend when they crowned him in December 1533 AD. However, he was Inca in name only, doing what the Spanish persuaded him to do.
In 1535 AD Francisco Pizarro decided to found a new city as the capital and named it Lima. Eventually Manco realised that the Spanish were not all he hoped they would be. He rebelled against them and was killed in 1544 AD.
The very last ruler of the Incas was Tupac Amaru. In 1572 AD the Spanish decided to fight against the last Incas and take their remaining city called Vilcabamba. When they arrived the city was deserted because the Incas had abandoned it and headed into the forests.

Tupac Amaru is captured by the Spaniards
The Spanish tracked them down and brought them back as captives to Cuzco. Those generals who had not alre