Governing New York State, Sixth Edition , livre ebook

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207 pages

English

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New York contains greater diversity than almost any other state. This diversity creates extensive social and political conflict within the state. Governing New York State, Sixth Edition provides expert assessment of how these conflicts are organized and represented, and how the political process and political institutions work in an effort to resolve them. Contributors explore the role of political parties and interest groups in representing these concerns. They also review the nature of the legislature, the governor, the courts, and public authorities as well as how these institutions play a role in making decisions. Finally, the impact of politics is analyzed for the policy areas of intergovernmental fiscal relations, welfare, health, and local education. The sixth edition of Governing New York State provides an excellent summary of the political process and most of the major policy controversies in the state.
Part I. Political Conflict

1. Regional Political conflict in New York State
Robert F. Pecorella

2. Political Conflict and Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations
Donald J. Boyd and Lucy Dadayan

Part II. Representing Concerns

3. Political Parties and Elections
Alicen R. Morley and Jeffery M. Stonecash

4. Interest Groups and Lobbying
Rogan T. Kersch

Part III. Political Institutions and Decision-Making

Overview: State Government Institutions
Gerald Benjamin

5. New York’s Governorship “Restored”
Gerald Benjamin and Elizabeth Benjamin

6. The Legislature, Parties and Resolving Conflict
Daniel W. Sterns and Jeffery M. Stonecash

7. New York’s Courts
Brian J. Nickerson

8. Other Governments: The Public Authorities
Keith M. Henderson

Part IV. Public Policy

9. The Policy Debate: The Economy, Taxes and Public Program
Rebecca Halsey

10. State Education Aid in New York in the Wake of Campaign for Fiscal Equity Decision
William Duncombe and Robert F. Pecorella

11. Health Policy in the Empire State: Trying to Put The Brakes on Escalating Costs While Maintaining Access
Jeffrey Kraus

12. Welfare Policy in New York State
Cathy M. Johnson and Thomas L. Gaid

13. Additional Sources on New York Politics

Sujets

USA

United States of America

Local history

Region

History of the Americas

Regional

États-Unis

Informations

Publié par	State University of New York Press
Date de parution	04 décembre 2012
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781438444741
Langue	English

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,1698€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

Governing New York State
Sixth Edition
Edited by
Robert F. Pecorella
and
Jeffrey M. Stonecash

Published by State University of New York Press, Albany
© 2012 State University of New York
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher.
For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY www.sunypress.edu
Production by Eileen Nizer Marketing by Michael Campochiaro
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Governing New York State / edited by Robert F. Pecorella and Jeffrey M. Stonecash. — 6th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4384-4473-4 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-1-4384-4472-7 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. New York (State)—Politics and government—1951– 2. New York (State)—Economic policy. 3. New York (State)—Social policy. I. Pecorella, Robert F., 1948– II. Stonecash, Jeffrey M.
JK3416.N48 2012 320.9747—dc23
2012001543
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
List of Illustrations
Maps Map 7.1 New York State Judicial Districts
Tables Table 1.1 . New York Regions: A Socioeconomic Profile Table 1.2 . New York Regions: A Legislative Profile Table 1.3 . New York State Regions: A Legislative Ideological Profile Table 1.4 . Percent of Vote for Successful Republican Gubernatorial Candidates Table 2.1 . Local Government Share of State-Local Responsibilities in 2008 Table 2.2 . Profile of Local Governments Table 2.3 . Local Government Revenue in New York State, FY 2009 Table 2.4 . Regional Differences in Legislative Party Membership, New York State Legislature, 2011 Table 2.5 . State Aid to Local Governments in New York State, FY 2009 Table 2.6 . State Aid to General Purpose Local Governments Outside New York City, Fiscal Year 2009 Table 3.1 . Bases of Parties: Percent of Seats Won by District Situation, 2010 Elections Table 3.2 . Gubernatorial Electoral Bases, 1998–2010 Table 3.3 . Third Parties in New York Table 3.4 . Minor Party Endorsements of Major Party Candidates for New York State Legislative Races, 2010 Table 3.5 . Party Enrollment by Age, Statewide, as of 2011 Table 3.6 . Party Enrollment and Electoral Success, by House, 2010 Elections Table 4.1 . New York State's Top Lobbying Clients (2010) Table 4.2 . New York State's Top Lobbying Firms (2010) Table 7.1 . 2011–2012 Budget Request for the New York Court System Table 10.1 . Per Pupil Revenue by Source of Revenue and District Need Type in New York State (2007–2009) Table 10.2 . Intra-District Comparison of Per-Pupil Expenditures in New York State Table 10.3 . Student Characteristics by District Need Type and Race in New York State (2009) Table 10.4 . Teacher Characteristics by District Need Type and Race in New York State (2009) Table 10.5 . School Performance by District Need Type and Race in New York State (2009) Table 12.1 . Personal Per Capita Income, Poverty Rates, and State Rankings in 2009 Table 12.2 . Maximum Cash Benefits for a Family of Three in Family Assistance Program
Figures Figure 2.1 . Medicaid Dwarfs Other Federal Grant Programs Figure 3.1 . Democratic Proportion of Assembly Seats, by Area, 1901–2011 Figure 3.2 . Total Party Enrollment Trends in New York, 1950–2011 Figure 3.3 . New York State Party Enrollment by Year of Registration in State BOE Files, 1957–2011 Figure 3.4 . Percentage of Seats held by Democrats, Senate and Assembly, 1941–2011 Figure 3.5 . Split-Ticket Voting in New York Legislative Elections, 1910–2002 Figure 4.1 . Lobbying Expenditures in New York State, 1996–2010 (in constant dollars) Figure 6.1 . Percent of Assemblymembers and Senators Seeking and Winning Reelection, 1870s–2000s by Decade Figure 6.2 . Average Years in Office at Start of Each New Session, 1901–2003 Figure 6.3 . New York Budget Passage: Days Budget Early or Late, 1944–2011 Figure 7.1 . New York State Court System and Routes of Appeal Figure 7.2 . Civil Appeals Structure Figure 7.3 . Administrative Structure of the New York Unified Court System Figure 12.1 . Number of Assistance Cases in New York State, 1998–2010 Figure 12.2 . Number of Food Stamp/SNAP Cases, Compared to the Number of Assistance Cases, New York State, 2001–2010 Figure 12.3 Average Monthly Child Support Collections in New York State; Averaged Each Year, 2001–10
Part I

Political Conflict
1
Regional Political Conflict in New York State
R OBERT F. P ECORELLA
Political conflict over regional concerns in New York is as old as the state's history and as current as today's news stories from Albany. Grounded in different needs and interests, these regional concerns both reinforce and reflect larger ideological distinctions between and among the state's political parties. Although the ideological divide in New York is less pronounced than it is nationally, the “liberal wing” of the Democratic Party, represented by a number of state legislators from New York City and upstate urban districts, and the “conservative wing” of the Republican Party, represented by legislators from upstate rural areas and suburban districts, each reflect distinctly different approaches to governance.
In recent years, these differences have been exacerbated among conservatives in New York by the “tea party notions” permeating the national Republican Party evident in the angry tone of Carl Paladino's 2010 gubernatorial campaign. They have been reinforced on the left by proposals to downsize public employee pension benefits and cut social service programs in the wake of the recent economic downturn. Divided governance, the norm in New York for four decades now, and interrupted only briefly by the somewhat chaotic one-party governance of 2009–2010, serves to make these regionally based, ideological positions highly relevant to policy decision making in Albany.
Politics concerns choices about who gets what share of scarce resources and from this perspective one region's gain is often perceived as another's loss. Political conflicts in New York, therefore, often emerge from the socioeconomic differences between and among the different regions in the state. This chapter, which examines the nature of regional political conflicts in New York and their impact on state governance, is divided into three sections. The first section reviews the historical evolution of regional politics in New York State from an era best characterized as an upstate–downstate dichotomy to one of a tripartite regional division defined by the suburbanization of the state's population. Section II examines a number of the current demographic, socioeconomic, and political differences between, among, and within the various regions in the state. And the third section analyzes how these regional differences are both manifested and somewhat blurred in today's legislative and executive politics and policymaking in Albany.

A History of Regional Conflict in New York
From the early nineteenth to the middle of the twentieth century, regional politics in New York reflected largely an upstate–downstate division between New York City and the rest of the state. 1 In part, this division had an inherent cultural dimension. People from cities and people from more rural areas often view each other with emotions ranging from bemusement to hostility. As creations of modernity, cities challenge the traditional culture found in rural areas by incubating liberal social and political attitudes and as the country's most modern and most international city, New York has always represented the greatest American challenge to traditional values.
But cultural differences explain only part of the upstate–downstate divide of this period. Regional tensions also were based in the state's socioeconomic development and political history. The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825, linking New York City to the American heartland, secured the city's position as the premier commercial center in the United States. 2 Although parts of upstate New York, most notably the cities of Buffalo and Rochester, as well as other cities and towns that grew along the route of the Erie Canal, also developed as commercial and cultural centers, the upstate economy remained largely agricultural and its residents, particularly those in more rural areas of upstate, were not as “cosmopolitan” in social custom or economic outlook as those in New York City.
New York City's emergence as the country's primary commercial center in the early nineteenth century initiated a process of downstate urban development that has seen the city remade several times as periodic economic crises created the demand for governance changes that then helped lay the foundations for eventual economic restructuring. 3 This process of crisis, retrenchment, and recovery saw commercial New York City become the politically consolidated, industrial giant of the late nineteenth mid-twentieth centuries and then, painfully in the 1970s, begin the evolution toward becoming the postindustrial, financial center of American capitalism in th