According to the Department of Defense's 2004 Base Structure Report, the United States officially maintains 860 overseas military installations and another 115 on noncontinental U.S. territories. Over the last fifteen years the Department of Defense has been moving from a few large-footprint bases to smaller and much more numerous bases across the globe. This so-called lily-pad strategy, designed to allow high-speed reactions to military emergencies anywhere in the world, has provoked significant debate in military circles and sometimes-fierce contention within the polity of the host countries.In Base Politics, Alexander Cooley examines how domestic politics in different host countries, especially in periods of democratic transition, affect the status of U.S. bases and the degree to which the U.S. military has become a part of their local and national landscapes. Drawing on exhaustive field research in different host nations across East Asia and Southern Europe, as well as the new postcommunist base hosts in the Black Sea and Central Asia, Cooley offers an original and provocative account of how and why politicians in host countries contest or accept the presence of the U.S. military on their territory.Overseas bases, Cooley shows, are not merely installations that serve a military purpose. For host governments and citizens, U.S. bases are also concrete institutions and embodiments of U.S. power, identity, and diplomacy. Analyzing the degree to which overseas bases become enmeshed in local political agendas and interests, Base Politics will be required reading for anyone interested in understanding the extent-and limits-of America's overseas military influence.
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First published 2008 by Cornell University Press
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data
Cooley, Alexander, 1972 Base politics : democratic change and the U.S. military overseas/Alexander Cooley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9780801446054 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Military bases, American—Political aspects—Foreign countries. 2. United States—Armed Forces—Foreign countries. I. Title. UA26.A2C67 2008 355.7—dc22 2007042635
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Contents
List of Figures and Tables Preface1 Political Change and the Overseas American Military Presence 2 Overseas Military Basing Agreements: Issues and Methodology 3 The Philippines and Spain: In the Shadow of the Dictator 4 South Korea and Turkey: From Common Defense to Political Uncertainty 5 Okinawa and the Azores: Island Hosts and Triangular Politics 6 Japan and Italy:The Politics of Clientelism and OneParty Democratic Rule 7 Central Asia and the Global Defense Posture Review: New Bases, Old Politics 8 Conclusion: America’s Past and Future Base Politics ReferencesIndex
IXXI1 29 56
95 137
175
217 249 275 301
Figures and Tables
Figures1.1 Configurations of base politics within base hosts 1.2 Changes in base politics, Spain and Uzbekistan 3.1 Major U.S. military facilities, Spain, 1984 3.2 Major U.S. military facilities, Philippines, 1979 3.3 Evolution of base politics, Spain and Philippines 4.1 Major U.S. military facilities, South Korea and Japan, 1979 4.2 Major U.S. military facilities,Turkey, 1984 4.3 Evolution of base politics, Republic of Korea and Turkey 5.1 Major U.S. military facilities, Okinawa, 2000 5.2 Major U.S. military facilities, Azores, 1975 6.1 Major U.S. military facilities, South Korea and Japan, 1979 6.2 Major U.S. military facilities, Italy, 1984 6.3 Evolution of base politics, Japan (main islands) and Italy 7.1 Central Asia and major foreign military installations, 2004 8.1 U.S. troop levels, East Asian hosts 8.2 U.S. troop levels, southern European hosts