Small-molecule inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and the p53-Mdm2 interaction [Elektronische Ressource] / Przemyslaw Ozdowy

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Biologie

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Publié par	technische_universitat_munchen
Publié le	01 janvier 2008
Nombre de lectures	14
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	10 Mo

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Technische Universität München

Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie

Small-molecule inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and the
p53-Mdm2 interaction

Przemyslaw Jacek Ozdowy

Vollständiger Abdruck der von der Fakultät für Chemie der Technischen Universität München zur Erlangung
des akademischen Grades eines

Doktors der Naturwissenschaften

genehmigten Dissertation.

Vorsitzender: Univ.-Prof. Dr. Thomas Kiefhaber
Prüfer der Dissertation: 1. apl. Prof. Dr. Luis Moroder
2. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Michael Groll

Die Dissertation wurde am 16. Juli 2008 bei der Technischen Universität München eingereicht und durch
die Fakultät für Chemie am 18. September 2008 angenommen.
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank all of those who have contributed to this work. In particular, I am most
grateful to Professor Robert Huber for giving me the opportunity to work in his department
and for access to all his laboratories and facilities, and to Professor Luis Moroder for
being my Doktorvater. This thesis was only possible because of the support of Doctor Tad
A. Holak to whom I am indebted not just for his scientific contribution but also for his
motivating words, day after day, his help, financial support and his friendship.
My thank goes to all of the NMR friendly team for their help and advice, physicists: Dr.
Loyola D'Silva and Marcin Krajewski, as well as people who worked with me in the lab:
Dr. Madhumita Ghosh, Dr. Narashimha Rao Nalabothula, Dr. Igor Siwanowicz, Dr. Paweł
Śmiałowski, Dr. Joma Kanikadu Joy, Sudipta Majumdar, Aleksandra Mikolajka, Dr.
Grzegorz Popowicz, Ulli Rothweiler, Mahavir Singh, Tomasz Sitar.
My apologies to the others who I have not mentioned by name, I am indebted to them for
the many ways they helped me.
Finally, I would like to pay tribute to the constant support of my family and my friends,
without their love over the many months none of this would have been possible and
whose sacrifice I can never repay.

Publications
Parts of this thesis have been or will be published in due course:
1. D'Silva, L.; Ozdowy, P.; Krajewski, M.; Rothweiler, U.; Singh, M.; Holak, T. A.;
Monitoring the effects of antagonists on protein-protein interactions with NMR
spectroscopy J. Am. Chem. Soc.; 2005; 127; 13220-13226.

2. Krajewski M., Ozdowy P., D'Silva, L.; Holak, T. A.; NMR indicates that the small
molecule RITA does not block the p53-MdmM2 binding in vitro Nature Med. 2005; 11;
1135-1136

MANUSCRIPT IN PREPARATION:
1. Ozdowy P.; D'Silva, L.; Holak, T. A.; Small-molecule inhibitors of the p53-Mdm2
interaction.

Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Overview 2
1.2 p53-Mdm2 3
1.3 The Mdm2-p53 interaction 4
1.4 Mdm2 inhibitors 5
1.5 Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) 11
1.6 Inhibitors of CDK2 12
1.7 Chalcones 18
1.8 Synthesis 21
1.9 Onco-, tumor suppressor and stem cells protein:
Molecular targets for small-molecule antagonists 22
1.9.1 E7 22
1.9.2 Model of retinoblastoma protein 23
1.9.3 Nucleostemin 24
1.10 Goals of the Study 25
Chapter 2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Organisms 29
2.2 DNA techniques 29
2.2.1 The isolation of plasmid DNA 29
2.2.2 PCR condition 29
2.2.3 Digestion with restriction enzymes 30
2.2.4 Purification of PCR and restriction digestion products 30
2.2.5 Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA 31
2.2.6 Plasmids for protein expression 31
2.3 Proteins 32
2.4 Antibiotics 32
2.5 Chemicals 32
2.6 Additional chemicals 35
2.7 Buffers and media 36
2.7.1 LB medium 36
152.7.2 Minimal medium (MM) for uniform enrichment with N 36
2.8 Stock solutions 38
2.8.1 IPTG stock solution 38
2.8.2 Ampicillin stock solution 38
2.8.3 Kanamycin stock solution 38
2.9 SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) 39
2.9.1 Visualization of separated proteins 39
2.10 Laboratory equipment 39
2.10.1 Consumables 39
2.10.2 Chromatography equipment, columns and media 40
2.10.3 Miscellaneous 40
2.11 Protocols 42
2.11.1 Transformation of competent bacteria 42
2.11.2 Bacterial culture in LB medium 42
2.11.3 Bacterial culture in MM 42
2.11.4 Protein concentration 43
2.11.5 NMR sample preparation 43
2.12 Protein crystallization (pRb) 44
2.13 Chemical synthesis of chalcones 44
2.14 Indole-3-carbinol tetrameric derivative 44
2.15 NMR experiments 45
2.15.1 Inhibitors of CDK2 46
2.15.2 Inhibitors of the p53-Mdm2 complex 46
2.16 Protein expression and purification 49
2.16.1 CDK2 49
2.16.2 p53 50
2.16.3 Mdm2 52
2.16.4 Expression and purification of the A/B pocket of pRb 54
2.16.5 E7 57
2.17 Characterization of small molecular compounds 59
2.17.1 Alkoxylated chalcones 59
2.17.2 RITA
Chapter 3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Protein crystallization (pRb) 70
3.2 E7 71
3.3 Prelimnary investigation of nucleostemin 72
3.4 CDK2 NMR binding experiments 75
3.5 Inhibitors of the p53-Mdm2 complex 82
3.5.1 Preliminary investigation 82
3.5.2 Inhibition of the p53-Mdm2 complex 85
3.6 The interaction of roscovitine, chalcones with CDK2 92
3.7 General comments on the application of NMR for studying
ligand-protein interaction 94
3.8 An NMR-based antagonist induced dissociation assay for targeting
the ligand-protein and protein-protein interaction in
competition binding experiments 95
Summary 100
Zusammenfassung 103
References 106
Appendix 126

Chapter 1

Introduction

1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
Protein–protein interactions are essential for many biological processes and for that
reason represent a large and important class of targets for human therapeutics.
Protein–protein interactions have been of great interest to drug discovery; however,
developing small-molecule antagonists has been a difficult task. A number of factors
can challenge the identification of small organic compounds that inhibit protein–protein
interactions. These include the general lack of small-molecule starting points for drug
design, the typical flatness of the interface, and the difficulty of distinguishing real from
artifactual binding, and the size and characteristics of typical small-molecule libraries.
Selection of a tractable protein–protein system is also important. Good targets for small-
molecule inhibition are those that have small hot spots that can be covered by a drug-
sized molecule. Drug discovery is also crucially augmented by the availability of
orthogonal methods of characterization; such methods include biophysics, mutagenesis,
epitope mapping and structural biology (Table 1, Appendix). A novel molecule can be
described as ‘validated’ when it has been shown to bind noncovalently with 1:1 binding
stoichiometry to the target of interest. NMR and X-ray crystallography play key roles in
identification of small organic compounds that inhibit protein–protein interactions.
Crystallography is used to identify the binding site or to generate hypotheses for
structure-based design. NMR spectroscopy techniques are attractive for
characterization a macromolecular complexes. The full range of biological and chemical
methods to uniformly or selectively label ligands and/or active site residues will often be
needed in order for NMR spectroscopy to contribute to structure based drug design
projects in timely manner. It should be noted that combinations of chemical and
2 Introduction
biological approaches do provide valuable information. Often, it is the combination of
methods, rather than any one experiment, that propel a drug-discovery project forward.

1.2 p53-Mdm2
The human p53 tumor suppressor protein is a tetrameric nuclear phosphoprotein
that is 393 amino acids long (Figure 1). The central region of p53 contains a DNA-
binding domain, the N-terminus contains a transcription activation domain, and the C-
terminal domain is involved in oligomerization. The central domain of p53 is activated by
cellular stress or DNA-damage and binds specifically to DNA (Zauberman et al., 1993).

MDM2
DNA binding Tetramerizationbinding
Transcription 102 393292
activation

Figure 1 Schematic representation of the human full-length p53 protein.

p53 can prevent tumor cell proliferation by programmed cell death or by arresting the
cell cycle (Chen et al., 1994; Gotz and Montenarh, 1995). The cellular stress response
pathway regulated by p53 is critical for the maintenance of genomic integrity and for the
prevention of oncogenic transformation (Momand et al., 2000; O'Connor et al., 1997).
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