Selfconsistent calculations of mesonic properties at nonzero temperature [Elektronische Ressource] / von Dirk Röder

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Publié par	goethe_universitat_frankfurt_am_main
Publié le	01 janvier 2006
Nombre de lectures	12
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	1 Mo

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Selfconsistent calculations of mesonic properties
at nonzero temperature
Dissertation
zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades
der Naturwissenschaften
vorgelegt beim Fachbereich Physik
der Johann Wolfgang Goethe–Universit at
in Frankfurt am Main
von
Dirk Roder
aus Frankfurt am Main
Frankfurt 2005
(D 30)vom Fachbereich Physik der
JohannWolfgangGoethe–Universit atalsDissertationangenommen
Dekan: Prof. Dr. W. A mus
Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Dirk H. Rischke
JProf. Dr. Adrian Dumitru
Datum der Disputation: 13.12.2005Fur meine Frau Julia
und meine S ohne Justus und Philipp.4Table of Contents
1 Introduction 9
1.1 Four fundamental forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 Quantum Chromodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3 Phase transitions in QCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4 E ective models of QCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.5 The Cornwall-Jackiw-Tomboulis formalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.6 The aim of this work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2 The quark mass dependence of the transition temperature 33
2.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.2 Results: The linear -model with O(N) symmetry . . . . . . . . . 35
2.3 The Polyakov-loop model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3 The improved Hartree-Fock approximation 45
3.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2 The Dyson-Schwinger and the condensate equations . . . . . . . . 47
3.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4 The improved Hartree approximation 61
4.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.2 The Dyson-Schwinger and the condensate equations . . . . . . . . 62
4.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5 Conclusions & Outlook 77
A The calculation of the diagrams 85
A.1 In the improved Hartree-Fock approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
A.2 In the improved Hartree approximation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
56 TABLE OF CONTENTS
B Deutsche Zusammenfassung 95
B.1 Allgemeines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
B.2 Kapitel 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
B.3 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
B.4 Kapitel 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103List of Figures
1.1 A sketch of the water phase diagram in the pressure vs. tempera-
ture plane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.2 Theexpectedphasediagramintheplaneofstrangevs. degenerate
up and down quark masses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3 A sketch of the QCD phase diagram in the temperature vs. chem-
ical potential plane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.4 Thesetoftwo-particleirreduciblediagramsconsideredinthelinear
model with O(N) symmetry.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 The pion mass squared, and decay constant versus the quark mass. 37
2.2 Meson masses in lattice unit as a function of the inverse hopping
parameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3 The crossover temperature and the scalar condensate. . . . . . . . 38
2.4 The expectation value for the Polyakov-loop and the explicit sym-
metry breaking term. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.1 The self-energy of the -meson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.2 The self-energy of the pion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3 The condensate and the e ective masses of the -meson and the
pion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4 The decay width of the -meson and the pion. . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.5 The spectral density of the -meson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.6 The spectral density of the pion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.7 The spectral density of the -meson and pion at a xed momentum. 59
4.1 The chiral condensate and the e ective masses of the -meson and
the pion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.2 The 4-momentum dependent real part of the -meson self-energy. 69
78 LIST OF FIGURES
4.3 The 4-momentum dependent real part of the -meson self-energy
at xed momentum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.4 The decay width of the -meson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.5 The decay width of the -meson in the improved Hartree and
Hartree-Fock approximation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.6 The spectral density of the -meson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.7 The spectral density of the -meson at xed momentum. . . . . . 74
4.8 The spectral density of the -meson in the improved Hartree and
Hartree-Fock approximation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.1 Schematic phase diagram in the temperature vs. quark mass plane. 78
A.1 The general topology of the tadpole diagram, the cut sunset dia-
gram, and the sunset diagram. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85–I–
Introduction
1.1 Four fundamental forces
Modern physics believes that matter is held together through four fundamental
forces, gravity, the weak interaction, the electromagnetic force, and the strong
interaction (cf. Tab. 1.1). In this section, I brie y discuss some aspects and
di erences of these forces.
Theforcewiththesmallestrelativestrengthisgravity,whichcouplestwoparticles
together via their mass, and which acts on all known particles. It is the most
“common” force in our everyday life, and describes how the apple falls down
from the tree. Newton’s theory of gravity (17th century) describes this force
as a long-range interaction between two bodies. In modern physics interactions
are described as an exchange of virtual particles, which “carry” the force from
one particle to another. Such a modern theory of gravity is Einstein’s theory
of general relativity (20th century). The exchange particle for the gravity is the
graviton with vanishing mass. The range R of the force can be estimated by the
mass m of the exchange particles [HKS95]
h
R , (1.1)
2mc
34 1where h = 6.626069310 Js is Planck’s constant, and c = 299792458ms
the velocity of light. The mass of the graviton is zero and therefore the range
of gravity is in nity, as one expects. As mentioned above, gravity is very weak
compared to the other three forces, thus it does not play an important role in
microscopic processes. Indeed, gravity is the only one of the four forces where
the interaction between two particles with equal charge is attractive, and not re-
910 Introduction
force relative range [m] exchange interaction between
strength particle two particles
with equal charge
38gravity 10 ∞ graviton attractive
5 18 0weak interaction 10 10 W , Z repulsive
2EM interaction 10 ∞ photone
15strong interaction 1 10 gluon repulsive
Table 1.1: The four fundamental forces of nature by comparison.
pulsive. This fact, together with the in nite range of gravity, leads to its extreme
importance in all astrophysical phenomena.
Another fundamental force is the so called weak interaction, which acts on all
fermions(particleswithspin1/2). Theexchangeparticlesoftheweakinteraction
0 are the very massive Z and W bosons, their masses are 80 times larger than
+the mass of the proton [EHO 04]. Therefore this interaction is of short range
18R 10 m, which is 1000 times smaller than an atomic nucleus. It is very
important for all decay processes (involving fermions), e.g., the beta decay of the
neutron
n→p+e +, (1.2)e
where n is a neutron, p a proton, e an electron, and an anti-neutrino.e
Theelectromagnetic(EM)forceactsonallparticleswithelectriccharge. Maxwell
was the rst (19th century) who could unify the electric and the magnetic in-
teractions in one theory. A modern description of this interaction is quantum
electrodynamics (QED) (20th century). The mass of the exchange particles, the
photons, is zero, and therefore the range of the electromagnetic interaction is
in nity. It is, in addition to gravity, very common in our everyday life, and is
used to light our rooms and to power our hi-