Needs and possibilities for improving maternal nutrition in rural Tanzania [Elektronische Ressource] / by Alice Gibron Temu

Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen Fachbereich Agrarwissenschaften, Oecotrophologie und Umweltmanagement Institut für Ernährungswissenschaft Dissertation Needs and Possibilities for Improving Maternal Nutrition in Rural Tanzania by: cand. PhD. Nutrition Alice Gibron Temu from Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Supervised by: Prof. Dr. med. Michael Krawinkel Prof. Dr. Ingrid Hoffmann Giessen, October 2009 Table of Contents List of Figures ii List of Tables iii List of Pictures iv List of Appendices iv Abbreviations iv 1 Introduction 1 2 Methods and Materials 12 2.1 Study area 13 2.2 Study design 13 2.3 Quantitative data collection 17 2.4 Qualitative data collection 22 2.5 Statistical analysis 27 2.6 Ethical consideration 30 3 Results 31 3.1 Compliance 31 3.2 Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics 31 3.3 Food production and livestock keeping 36 3.4 Food security 39 3.5 Food variety scores and dietary diversity 39 3.6 Food choice and food frequency 44 3.7 Anthropometric and biochemical data 47 3.8 Sanitation and infectious disease 54 3.9 Availability, accessibility and utilization of health care services 59 3.10 Women’s knowledge, awareness and practices regarding the importance of 64 micronutrients in pregnancy and the outcome 4 Discussion 68 4.1 Strategies to improve maternal health 68 4.2 Consequences of maternal malnutrition 69 4.