Hypogeous fungi of Lithuania: diversity, distribution and links with small mammals ; Lietuvos požeminių grybų įvairovė, paplitimas ir saitai su smulkiaisiais žinduoliais

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Biology

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Publié par	vilnius_university
Publié le	01 janvier 2009
Nombre de lectures	58

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VILNIUS UNIVERSITY

Marija Kataržytė

HYPOGEOUS FUNGI OF LITHUANIA: DIVERSITY,
DISTRIBUTION AND LINKS WITH SMALL MAMMALS

Summary of doctoral dissertation
Biomedical sciences, biology (01 B)

Vilnius, 2009

The research was carried out in the period of 2004 – 2008 at Vilnius University.

Scientific supervisor:

Doc. Dr. ERNESTAS KUTORGA (Vilnius University, biomedical sciences,
biology – 01 B).

The defence of dissertation will be held at Vilnius University Council of Biological
Science:

Chairman:

Prof. Dr. Habil. VYTAUTAS PETRAS RANČELIS (Vilnius University,
biomedical sciences, biology − 01 B).

Members:

Dr. GRAŽINA ADAMONYTĖ (Institute of Botany, biomedical sciences, biology
− 01 B).
Dr. JURGA MOTIEJŪNAITĖ (Institute of Botany, biomedical sciences, biology
− 01 B).
Prof. Dr. Habil. JONAS REMIGIJUS NAUJALIS (Vilnius University, biomedical
sciences, botany − 04 B).
Dr. ALIUS ULEVIČIUS (Vilnius University, biomedical sciences, ecology and
environmental studies − 03 B).

Opponents:

Dr. JONAS KASPARAVIČIUS (Institute of Botany, biomedical sciences, biology
− 01 B).
Doc. Dr. JONĖ RUKŠĖNIENĖ (Vilnius University, biomedical sciences,
biology − 01 B).

Doctoral dissertation will be defended at the public session of the Council of Biological
Science at 12.00 on April 17, 2009 in the Great auditorium of the Faculty of Natural
Sciences, Vilnius University.

Address: M. K. Čiurlionio str. 21, LT-03101, Vilnius, Lithuania. Fax: (+370 5) 2398204

Date of posting of the summary of dissertation: March 17, 2009.

The dissertation is deposited at the library of Vilnius University (Universiteto str. 3,
Vilnius).
VILNIAUS UNIVERSITETAS

Marija Kataržytė

LIETUVOS POŽEMINIŲ GRYBŲ ĮVAIROVĖ,
PAPLITIMAS IR SAITAI SU SMULKIAISIAIS
ŽINDUOLIAIS

Daktaro disertacijos santrauka
Biomedicinos mokslai, biologija (01 B)

Vilnius, 2009

Disertacija rengta 2004 – 2008 metais Vilniaus universitete.

Mokslinis vadovas:

doc. dr. ERNESTAS KUTORGA (Vilniaus universitetas, biomedicinos mokslai,
biologija – 01 B).

Disertacija ginama Vilniaus universiteto Biologijos mokslo krypties taryboje:

Pirmininkas:

prof. habil. dr. VYTAUTAS PETRAS RANČELIS (Vilniaus universitetas,
biomedicinos mokslai, biologija − 01 B).

Nariai:

dr. GRAŽINA ADAMONYTĖ (Botanikos institutas, biomedicinos mokslai,
biologija − 01 B),
dr. JURGA MOTIEJŪNAITĖ (Botanikos institutas, biomedicinos mokslai,
biologija − 01 B),
prof. habil. dr. JONAS REMIGIJUS NAUJALIS (Vilniaus universitetas,
biomedicinos mokslai, botanika − 04 B),
dr. ALIUS ULEVIČIUS (Vilniaus universitetas, biomedicinos mokslai,
ekologija ir aplinkotyra − 03 B).

Oponentai:

dr. JONAS KASPARAVIČIUS (Botanikos institutas, biomedicinos mokslai,
biologija − 01 B),
doc. dr. JONĖ RUKŠĖNIENĖ (Vilniaus universitetas, biomedicinos mokslai,
biologija − 01 B).

Disertacija bus ginama viešame Biologijos mokslo krypties tarybos posėdyje 2009 m.
balandžio mėn. 17 d. 12 val. Vilniaus universiteto Gamtos mokslų fakulteto Didžiojoje
auditorijoje.

Adresas: M. K. Čiurlionio 21, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lietuva. Faksas: (+370 5) 2398204

Disertacijos santrauka išsiuntinėta 2009 m. kovo mėn. 17 d.

Disertaciją galima peržiūrėti Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekoje (Universiteto 3, Vilnius)

INTRODUCTION

Hypogeous and other mycorrhizal fungi are important and active components of
forest ecosystems. They provide various functions − water and nutrient supply to the
plants, protection of plants from negative environmental conditions and pathogens,
maintenance of the soil homeostasis, and are the food source for various animals
(MASER et al., 1978; ALLEN, 1991). The research of hypogeous fungi is complicated and
requires special efforts, however, the interest in these fungi has recently significantly
increased, because 1) their diversity is much higher than was known before, 2) there is a
lack of knowledge about their structure and distribution, and 3) the links with other
organisms still not well understood.
The thorough research on the diversity and biology of hypogeous fungi in
Lithuania was not carried out before. The data concerning these fungi, mostly
accidentally recorded in the places disturbed by forest animals, were published in a few
mycological publications (BUCHOLTZ, 1904, 1907; MAZELAITIS, 1982; KUTORGA, 2000;
etc.). Only further studies based on special research methods could significantly increase
the knowledge on the diversity and distribution of hypogeous fungi in the country.
Mycologists of various countries have studied the structure and dynamics of the
macromycete communities in different natural habitats, and tried to evaluate the
influence of various biotic and abiotic factors on their functioning (ARNOLDS, 1992;
CASTELLANO et al., 2004). Mycocoenological studies increases the knowledge on the
ecology of different fungal species, and on the whole biodiversity of various ecosystems.
The qualitative and quantitative studies on mycorrhizal macromycete in Lithuanian
natural habitats have started recently (STANKEVIČIENĖ, URBONAS, 2006;
STANKEVIČIENĖ, KASPARAVIČIUS, 2007; STANKEVIČIENĖ et al., 2008), however, only
little or no attention was paid to hypogeous fungi in these studies.
Large forest animals, such as wild boar, could substantially disturb the forest floor
and affect the fructification of mycorrhizal fungi (SCHLEY, ROPER, 2003;
ŁAWRYNOWICZ et al., 2006). The impact of such disturbance on development and
fruiting of macromycetes in Lithuanian forests is still not studied.
It is well known that large and small mammals consume hypogeous fungi and
disseminate their spores (MASER et al., 1978, 2008; CLARIDGE, MAY, 1994). The
mycophagy of small mammals was studied in North America, Australia and in some
European countries (MASER et al., 1978, 2008; CLARIDGE, MAY, 1994; VIRO, SULKAVA,
1985; BLASCHKE, BÄUMLER, 1989; BERTOLINO et al., 2004). Small mammals
mycophagy has not been properly investigated in Lithuania before.
Aims and tasks of the dissertation. The aims of the present research were to
investigate the species diversity, distribution and communities of hypogeous fungi in
Lithuania, and to analyse the composition of fungi in small mammals diet. To achieve
these aims, the following tasks have been formulated:
1. To collect the samples of hypogeous fungi in different geographical places and
forest habitats of Lithuania; to examine the morphological and anatomical
structures of fruit-bodies; to identify collected specimens and to examine critically
the specimens of hypogeous fungi preserved in Lithuanian herbariums.
2. To compile the checklist of hypogeous fungi of Lithuania; to analyse the
taxonomic structure, distribution and phenology of these fungi.
5
3. To determine the structure of communities of hypogeous and epigeous fungi, the
quantitative and seasonal characteristics of fructification in spruce, oak and mixed
tree stands.
4. To evaluate the influence of abiotic (precipitation, air temperature, chemical
characteristics of the soil) and biotic (type and flora of tree stands, forest floor
disturbances made by wild boars) factors on the fructification and species
diversity of the mycorrhizal fungi.
5. To analyse the quantitative and seasonal characteristics of mycophagy of
different small mammals in spruce, oak and mixed tree stands by the mycological
examination of fresh fecal pellets.
Defensive statements:
1. The species diversity of hypogeous fungi in Lithuania is greater than was known
before, and their taxonomic spectrum is broader as well.
2. Hypogeous fungi occur in all explored tree stands of various type and age,
however, the frequency, distribution and fructification of particular species are
different.
3. The composition and seasonal dynamics of communities of hypogeous and
epigeous mycorrhizal fungi varies and depends on various abiotic and biotic
factors.
4. Various small mammals in Lithuania consume hypogeous and epigeous fungi,
however, the level and seasonality of mycophagy are specific.
Novelty of the study. In this study, the species diversity, distribution and
phenology of hypogeous fungi were ascertained in detail for the first time in Lithuania.
Two research methods of hypogeous fungi were effectively applied in Lithuania: 1) the
raking with garden cultivator of the uppermost soil layer, 2) the examination of fecal
pellets of small mammals captured in live traps (this method is not harmful to a