Assessing economic and environmental efficiency of rice production systems in Southern Thailand [Elektronische Ressource] : an application of data envelopment analysis / submitted by Sirirat Kiatpathomchai

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Publié par	justus-liebig-universitat_giessen
Publié le	01 janvier 2008
Nombre de lectures	9
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	7 Mo

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Faculty 09
Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences
and Environmental Management

Institute of Agricultural Policy and Market Research

Assessing Economic and Environmental Efficiency
of Rice Production Systems in Southern Thailand:
An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis

Dissertation
Submitted for the degree of Doktor des Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.)
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences and Environmental Management

Submitted by

Sirirat Kiatpathomchai

September 2008

This thesis was accepted as a doctoral dissertation in fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doktor des Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.) by Faculty of Agricultural Sciences,
Nutritional Sciences and Environmental Management, Justus-Liebig University Giessen.

Examination committee
Chairperson: Prof. Dr. Ernst-August Nuppenau
st1 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. P. Michael Schmitz
nd2 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Siegfried Bauer
Examiner: Prof. Dr. Hermann Boland
Examiner: Prof. Dr. Ingrid-Ute Leonhaeuser

Abstract

Rice farming is a dominant rural economic as well as culturally important activity in southern
Thailand. Rice production in this region is constrained by bio-physical and economic factors
especially high costs of production and high application rates of chemical fertilizers. In
addition, the actual outputs from rice production process are not only paddy rice but also the
potential negative environmental effects. The flooded condition generates methane gas
emission, while the excessive use of N-fertilizers causes the emission of nitrogen gases and
the leaching of nitrate. In this study, therefore, the efficiency of use of all combination inputs
and efficiency of use of chemical N-fertilizers as its excessive use causes the negative
externalities are focused. The objectives of this study are to investigate the existing rice
production systems and to assess the technical efficiency, economic efficiency, and
environmental efficiency of rice production systems, then to investigate factors affecting the
technical, economic and environmental efficiency of rice production systems in southern
Thailand. Two-stage DEA methodology of efficiency analysis was focused. The two-stage
DEA procedure began with calculating efficiency scores from input-oriented DEA model.
Then these efficiency scores were used as dependent variables in the second stage by using
the Tobit regression technique.
The total of 247 rice farm household samples was randomly selected from the main rice
farming area, the Songkhla Lake Basin. The empirical results showed that 17, 2, and 2 percent
of the sample farms were on the technical, economic, and environmental efficiency frontiers,
respectively and the average technical, economic, and environmental inefficiency were 14, 32,
and 46 percent, respectively. Moreover, the common significant variables affecting the
efficiency were soil type and rice variety. To improve the efficiency of rice farms, therefore,
soil quality testing which help to improve soil quality and efficiency use of chemical
fertilizers is urgent needed to implement while the research on new technologies: new suitable
rice variety and new fertilizer products are considered as long-term policy implementation.

Kurzfassung

Der Reisanbau ist sowohl eine ökonomisch für den ländlichen Raum dominante als auch
kulturell bedeutsame Aktivität im südlichen Thailand. Die Reisproduktion in diesem Gebiet
wird dabei von biophysischen und ökonomischen Faktoren bestimmt, insbesondere von hohen
Produktionskosten und hohem Einsatz an synthetischen Düngemitteln. Neben Reis ergeben
sich auch potenzielle negative Umwelteffekte als Ergebnis des Produktionsprozesses. So
ergeben sich durch die Flutungen Methangas-Emissionen, während der exzessive Gebrauch
von N-Düngern zu Emissionen von Stickstoff-Gasen sowie Nitratauswaschungen führt. Daher
untersucht diese Studie die Effizienz des Einsatzes aller Inputkombinationen sowie die
Effizienz der Verwendung synthetischer N-Düngemittel, deren exzessiver Gebrauch negative
externe Effekte hervorruft. Die Studie zielt auf die Untersuchung der bestehenden Systeme
zur Reisproduktion ab sowie auf die Abschätzung der technischen Effizienz, der
ökonomischen Effizienz und der Umwelteffizienz. Weiterhin sollen die Faktoren identifiziert
werden, die die technische, ökonomische und Umwelteffizienz im südlichen Thailand
beeinflussen. Dazu wird eine zweistufige DEA-Methode zur Effizienzanalyse herangezogen.
Zunächst werden die efficiency scores eines Input orientierten DEA-Modells berechnet. Diese
efficiency scores werden in einer zweiten Stufe als abhängige Variablen einer Tobit
Regressionsschätzung verwendet.
Insgesamt wurde eine Stichprobe von 247 Reis anbauenden Haushalten aus dem Songkhla
Lake Basin, der Hauptanbauregion für Reis, zufällig ausgewählt. Die empirischen Ergebnisse
zeigen, dass von den untersuchten Betrieben 17% auf der technischen, 2% auf der
ökonomischen und 2% auf der Umwelt efficiency frontier produzieren, während die
durchschnittliche technische Ineffizienz bei 14%, die ökonomische bei 32% und die
Umweltineffizienz bei 46 % liegen. Darüber hinaus sind Bodenqualität und Reissorte die
signifikanten Variablen, die die Effizienz beeinflussen. Zur Verbesserung der Effizienz des
Reisanbaus sind daher die Qualitätsbestimmung des Bodens zu dessen Verbesserung sowie
die Verbesserung der Effizienz des Einsatzes von Düngemitteln voranzutreiben. Als
langfristige Politikempfehlung ergibt sich die Bereitstellung neuer Reissorten und neuer
Düngeprodukte über die verstärkten Forschungs-und Entwicklungsbemühungen. Acknowledgements

Firstly, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Prof. Dr. P. Michael Schmitz, my
doctor father, for his invaluable guidance and kind support. He encouraged and challenged me
throughout my study. I also would like to express my deep gratitude to my second supervisor,
Prof. Dr. Siegfried Bauer, for his advices and comments on this study. I would like to extend
my sincere thanks to Prof. Dr. Werner Doppler (University of Hohenheim, Germany) and
Prof. Dr. Ada Wossink (University of Manchester University, United Kingdom) for their kind
help and support. I am also grateful to the Royal Thai Government for the financial support
throughout my study.

I am grateful to my colleagues at Prince of Songkla University, Thailand, especially Dr.
Somboon Charernjiratragul and Dr. Sutonya Thongrak for their guidance and support. My
sincere appreciation goes to all colleagues in Germany, especially all members of Das A-
Team for their warm friendships, help and support. I am grateful to all Thai friends who are in
Germany and Thailand for their encouragement and moral support throughout my time in
Germany.

Lastly, I am indebted to my parents and family members for their moral support during my
study and stay far away from home. Without their supports, this study would not have been
carried out and gone any far.

Table of Contents i

Table of Contents ………………………………………………….................................. i
List of Tables …………………………………………………………………………… v
List of Figures …………………………………………………………………………... viii
Abbreviations …………………………………………………………………………… ix

1 Introduction ………………………………………………........................................ 1
1.1 Problem Statement ………………………………................................................ 1
1.2 Objectives of the study ………………………………......................................... 4
1.3 Hypotheses of the study ………………………………........................................ 5
1.4 Expected outcomes ………………………………............................................... 5
1.5 Organization of the study ………………………………...................................... 5

2 Rice in Thai Economy …………............................................................................... 7
2.1 Introduction ………………………………........................................................... 7
2.2 Agriculture in Thai economy……………………………..................................... 7
2.3 Significant roles of rice in Thai economy ………………………………............. 9
2.3.1 Significance of land use ………………………………............................. 9
2.3.2 Significance of labor force and rural employment ……………………… 10
2.3.3 Significance of foreign currency ………………………………………... 10
2.3.4 Significance of culture and tradition conservation ……………………… 10
2.4 Rice farming and multi-functional aspects ……………………………………... 11
2.4.1 Introduction of multi-functionality of agriculture ………………………. 11
2.4.2 Multi-functionality of rice farming ……………………………………… 11
2.4.3 Rice farming and commodity outputs …………………………………… 12
2.4.4