Brotherhood Comment August 2008
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ISSN 1320 8632A regul Ar upd Ate from the r ese Arch And policy centreAugust 2008In the national interestAddressing inequities in the tax systemThe forthcoming review of taxed at a concessional rate—with deferral benefits). This encourages Australia’s tax system provides a only 50 per cent of the capital gain speculative overinvestment long overdue opportunity to address subject to tax. The Australian in residential property, and the current distortions which enable Treasury estimates a revenue cost underinvestment in other, socially high-income earners to benefit from of over $7.4 billion in 2007–08. more productive, investments in tax loopholes and concessions, In addition, annual losses from plant and equipment, human capital while discouraging those on income investments that make overall and research and development. support from seeking work. capital gains can be deducted for personal income tax assessment SuperannuationThe Brotherhood of St Laurence (negative gearing). Small businesses From July 2007, most income commissioned Professor John also receive special capital invested into superannuation, Freebairn, an expert on taxation, to gains tax (CGT) concessions, including that funded by the work with its economist Rosanna with an estimated revenue cost compulsory 9 per cent levy on Scutella to review major inequities of $800 million in 2007–08 wages and salaries, attracts a in the present system. While (Australian Treasury 2007). 15 per cent ...
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| Publié par | Nishor |
| Nombre de lectures | 72 |
| Langue | English |
Extrait
A r e gul A r u p d Ate f rom the r ese A rch A nd p olicy centre
In the national interest Addressing inequities in the tax system
The forthcoming review of Australia’s tax system provides a long overdue opportunity to address the current distortions which enable high-income earners to benefit from tax loopholes and concessions, while discouraging those on income support from seeking work. The Brotherhood of St Laurence commissioned Professor John Freebairn, an expert on taxation, to work with its economist Rosanna Scutella to review major inequities in the present system. While their recent report (Freebairn & Scutella 2008) did not aim to be comprehensive, it highlights areas requiring urgent attention, if the tax system is to deliver fairer results for all Australians. The Brotherhood believes that the Australian taxation system could be made both more equitable and more efficient. By removing many special deductions and exemptions, which tend to favour higher income earners, the base could be expanded to collect more than $10 billion a year in foregone revenue. This revenue could be used to offset marginal rate reductions, making the system simpler and fairer. This article focuses on just three of the key areas for reform—capital gains, superannuation and making work pay—which cause the greatest inequity and also do not satisfy the other basic requirements of good tax design: efficiency, transparency and flexibility. Capital gains Income from the sale of assets other than the family home, which have been held for over 12 months, is
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deferral benefits). This encourages speculative overinvestment in residential property, and underinvestment in other, socially more productive, investments in plant and equipment, human capital and research and development. Superannuation From July 2007, most income invested into superannuation, including that funded by the compulsory 9 per cent levy on wages and salaries, attracts a 15 per cent flat tax rate on entry and 15 per cent on the annual income earned. It is important to note that these contributions are from pre-tax income. Treasury (2007) estimates this treatment costs the government over $20 billion in revenue for 2007–08. Many individuals on higher incomes make additional contributions to superannuation, and certainly much more relative to those on lower incomes. This inequity is unlikely to have any kind of efficiency trade-off either, as income and Continued page 2
ISSN 1320 8632 August 2008
taxed at a concessional rate—with only 50 per cent of the capital gain subject to tax. The Australian Treasury estimates a revenue cost of over $7.4 billion in 2007–08. In addition, annual losses from investments that make overall capital gains can be deducted for personal income tax assessment (negative gearing). Small businesses also receive special capital gains tax (CGT) concessions, with an estimated revenue cost of $800 million in 2007–08 (Australian Treasury 2007). Capital gains tax concessions are mainly enjoyed by higher income individuals (ATO 2008). They also involve an important element of horizontal inequity: people using other savings and investment options receive less favourable tax treatment. Also, the combination of the CGT discount and negative gearing enables investors to arbitrage early deduction of the expenses against concessional taxation of the capital gains (both the half rate and the Contents Opening opportunities: advocating the social inclusion of children and young people The new employment services system: maximising the potential for social inclusion Introducing seasonal migrant workers: managing rights and risks Getting down to business: inclusion through community enterprise Making aged care services more responsive to individual needs: is consumer‑directed care part of the solution? Not to be forgotten: the housing crisis facing a significant minor ty of older people i Place‑based policy at the crossroads Racism and the health of Indigenous ustralians A Responding to climate change: UK lessons for protecting low‑income households
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Continued from page 1 substitution effects offset each Table 1 Contrasts in tax liabilities other, resulting in a limited effect on aggregate domestic saving Gross Weekly Effective and little effect on aggregate Scenario weekly impact of average earnings tax paid tax rate* investment, because Australia is a small net capital borrower. Thus, 55-year-old executive the super tax concessions are From salary of $100,000 p.a., $1923 $271 14.1% mainly an unfair redistribution sacrifices $80,000 into super in favour of those with a tax 55-year-old cleaner rate above 15 per cent, and the After being unemployed, more so the higher the income. star ts full-time job with wages $600 $344 # 57.3% Making work pay: the interact f $31,200 p.a. ($15 per hour) ion o taxes and social security payments * This takes into account the tax-free threshold, Low Income Tax Offset and the Medicare levy. A significant proportion # This includes the loss of Newstart Allowance. of Australians on income support payments face effective marginal tax rates (EMTRs) of over 50 per cent hypothetical individuals: a 55-year- The full report The case for due to the interaction of taxes old executive earning $100,000 change: a snapshot analysis of the (including the phasing in of the per annum and a 55-year-old Australian tax system by John Medicare Levy and the withdrawal cleaner working full-time at $15 Freebairn and Rosanna Scutella can of the Low Income Tax Offset) per hour—just above the minimum be found at <www.bsl.org.au>. with the withdrawal of social wage. As Table 1 highlights, security and family benefits. the high-income executive can Rosanna Scutella manipulate the superannuation tax (03) 9483 1324 The combined effects of high arrangements to significantly reduce rscutella@bsl.org.au EMTRs and the withdrawal of their tax burden. By investing the Health Care Card and other $80,000 of their pre-tax annual References: concessions can be a powerful income in superannuation, they end e A x u p st e r n a d l i i t a u n r e T s r t e a a t s e u m ry e n 2 t 0 2 0 0 7, 0 7T , a x C anberra. disincentive for a job seeker moving up paying only $271 a week in tax, from welfare to work. This is or 14.1 per cent of their earnings. Australian Taxation Office (ATO) 2008, particularly true where a job is Taxation statistics , 2005–06, Canberra. short-term or where a person has In stark contrast is the tax impact Freebairn, J & Scutella, R 2008, The been out of work for some time for the person moving from welfare to chas e Afor change: a snapshot analysis of ustralian tax system , Brotherhood ianntdo itsh en olat bsouruer wmhaertkheet r wtihlel irre fsourlta y tah lios we-xpaamidp ljeo bm. Iofv tehd ei n5t5o- yae faur-llo-ltid mine , t of e St Laurence, <www.bsl.org.au>. in long-term employment. The $15-an-hour cleaning job, earning existing system means that people $31,200 a year, they would lose can be worse off if they accept their Newstart Allowance and start employment that does not work paying tax and the Medicare levy. out: this may seem to be a risk They would therefore effectively pay that is just not worth taking. $344 a week in tax, or 57.3 per cent of their earnings. They might also Highlighting the inequities lose other benefits such as a Health The gross inequities in the tax Care Card. system are best illustrated by looking at the tax liabilities of two
Brotherhood Comment is published three times a year by the Research Published in August 2008 by and Policy Centre of the Brotherhood of St Laurence. B6r7 oBthreurnhsowoid ko fS tSrte eLta urence c The Brotherhood of St Laurence works for the well-being of Australians on Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065 Australia low incomes to improve their economic, social and personal circumstances. ABN 24 603 467 024 It does this by providing a wide range of services and activities for children Telephone: (03) 9483 1183 and families, youth, people of working age and older people. It also imil researches the causes of poverty, undertakes community education and FEa-cmsail: pe:ub(l0i3c)a t9i4o1n7s @26bs9l1. org.au lobbies government for a better deal for people on low incomes.
2 August 2008 www.bsl.org.au
From the General Manager
If evidence was needed that a new social policy cycle has begun in Australia, we had it in the large attendance and expectant atmosphere at our recent symposium on Social Inclusion Down Under. Soon after, the release of the Garnaut Report heightened our endeavours to ensure that climate change policies will evolve in a way that is socially inclusive. These two issues seem set to take us on a wave of social reform. At the symposium, Tony Fitzpatrick’s critical overview of social inclusion under New Labour highlighted the fact that Britain has ended a phase of innovation which we are only just entering. It brought home to us that social inclusion is not a set menu that we can simply download, but is more like a new social aspiration whose policy expressions we have to create. To this end the Brotherhood has a busy program this year of workshops to develop the main lines of an applied social inclusion program appropriate to our times (see page 16). The first was the workshop on place-based disadvantage and social inclusion (see page 12). Our work on climate change will stress the importance of enabling low-income households to minimise the impacts of increased energy prices, by a combination of energy-saving measures and other compensation. Learning from experience overseas, particularly in the UK, is an important part of this task. Further research is under way into the implications of climate change (and of emissions trading) for employment. Submissions The Brotherhood has made detailed submissions to government, in several key policy areas which are undergoing wide-ranging review by governments. Our analysis of the research literature and
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evidence from the Brotherhood’s and other services shapes our informed responses. Our emphasis is on ensuring that the most disadvantaged groups—whether of school students or of job seekers— are not overlooked in the design of services that should benefit all Australians. At federal level, Michael Horn and Daniel Perkins (pages 6–7) have made considerable input concerning the proposed new model for employment services. Our responses to the Victorian Government regarding an inclusive approach to early childhood, education and training are captured by Annelies Kamp (pages 4–5). Rosanna Scutella’s front page article outlines some themes in the Brotherhood’s thinking about the tax system: the taxation arrangements must be simplified and modified to encourage participation and deliver fairness. New challenges The Research and Policy Centre maintains its keen interest in policies to overcome service gaps and limitations. Gerry Naughtin has helped to arrange a seminar series ‘Preparing for change in an ageing society’, in collaboration with others including the Council on the Ageing Victoria and the Ministerial Advisory Council of Senior Citizens. In the area of care for older people living in their own homes, we are exploring the application of consumer-directed care, already used in the disability sector (see page 10). The need for innovative policies related to housing for older Australians with low incomes is canvassed by Roland Naufal (page 11). The proposal to introduce a seasonal migrant labour scheme to meet labour shortages in Australia’s horticulture sector also raises questions about protecting
workers’ entitlements and fostering social cohesion. Serena Lillywhite argues that this is an area where corporate social responsibility needs to be encouraged and to some extent regulated. Our weekly seminars have again been well attended this year. Recent Indigenous Australian speakers have included Yin Paradies, who outlines his key themes about racism and Indigenous health (page 13). Staff news Janet Stanley has left us after four years to take up the post of Chief Research Officer at Monash University’s Sustainability Institute. The Brotherhood is deeply in Janet’s debt. This loss has been cushioned by the appointment of Zoe Morrison, who comes from the Australian Institute of Family Studies. We also welcome Louise Segafredo to the new role of Senior Manager, Knowledge Management, having farewelled Patricia Newell after many years of service. We congratulate Martina Boese and Nicole Oke on gaining post-doctoral fellowships at the University of Melbourne and Deakin University respectively. We were delighted that Rosanna Scutella has been awarded another ARC Linkage Grant. She will work with Orygen researchers on a project studying employment services for young people with mental health problems. Paul Smyth (03) 9483 1177 psmyth@bsl.org.au
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Opening opportunities Advocating the social inclusion of children and young people The Australian Government argues While commending the Victorian This suggests the implementation of that all Australians need to be Government for its intention to fully integrated individual learning able to play a full role in life in reduce the effects of disadvantage and support plans and increased economic, social, psychological and on learning and development, we resourcing for students who may political terms. Education is at the argued that to achieve this objective need learning support out of centre of a social inclusion agenda Victoria must seize the opportunity school hours and who are unable underpinned by an investment in to adopt a more challenging agenda to access that support without ‘human capital’ (Gillard & Wong that ensures all children achieve to assistance from government. 2007). To be successful, this human the extent of their ability. Policies capital agenda must acknowledge need to be assessed through a social Assessing and developing skills diverse social circumstances and life inclusion lens to ensure structural In June, we made a submission opportunities (Ball et al. 2001). This barriers do not exclude any of the to the Victorian Government’s article outlines the Brotherhood’s state’s children from preschool or skills reform consultation on what advocacy for children and young school. For example, our recent is needed to upgrade the skills people through submissions on research into costs illustrates that and post-school qualifications the reform of Victoria’s education education in Victoria is not ‘free’ of the working-age population and skills systems, and on and that costs have an impact (BSL 2008c). We welcomed this federal youth-focused policy. on participation (see Figure 1). initiative and recommended that Victoria set the benchmark in Responding to educational Within schools, teachers need to funding the systematic assessment disadvantage be trained and resourced to work and recognition of the existing The Brotherhood welcomed effectively with all their students. skills and knowledge of all the Victorian Government’s We argued for a commitment to employees who lack a starting departmental integration of parental support programs from the qualification. This would provide education and early childhood early years to completion of Year 12 the foundation on which to build which frames the Blueprint for early or its equivalent. We recommended higher qualifications for current childhood development and school a much stronger endorsement of and future work responsibilities, reform ( DEECD 2008). This new applied curriculum, culminating in avoiding unnecessary training arrangement opens opportunities the Victorian Certificate of Applied while ensuring that all employees for targeted and sustained assistance Learning (VCAL). The government have the literacy and numeracy to significantly improve educational should place the highest priority skills required in their workplace. participation by children from on engaging the 10–15 per cent disadvantaged backgrounds. of school students who are poorly The Brotherhood also strongly engaged or disengaged from school. recommended a focus on the needs Our submission (BSL 2008a) agreed with the Blueprint’s three areas for reform: the education system, its workforce, and parent and community partnerships. Our research and service experience indicates each contributes to the conditions for successful education. However, we have made the case for greater recognition of the multiple barriers some children face—be they financial, social, physical or a combination—in commencing, remaining attached to and succeeding in school. Schools need to be organised and resourced in ways that enable students to succeed despite any disadvantages with which they begin or which arise during their education.
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Figure 1 Percentage of families with at least one child missing out on an education component due to cost during the last 12 months Uniforms Camp Spor ts /recreation Equipment for a subject Lunches on school days Excursions Books One or more subjects 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Percentage of survey respondents (n=297) Source: Brotherhood of St Laurence 2007 Education Costs Survey (Bond & Horn 2008)
Policies need to be assessed through a social inclusion lens to ensure structural barriers do not exclude any of Victoria’s children from preschool or school.
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of young Victorians who are seeking full-time work with prospects for advancement, including apprenticeships. We made this case recognising the continuing lack of growth in full-time jobs for young people (Long 2006) and the fact that young people will increasingly form the skills base as the ‘baby boomers’ retire. The Australian Industry Group and Dusseldorp Skills Forum (2007, p.11) argue that ‘enabling … disenfranchised young people to attain a sustainable skills base or find pathways into work must be a public policy priority’. To achieve this, we argued for young people to gain a learner– worker identity complemented by employability skills such as literacy and numeracy and the ability to think critically, plan and organise. This can be achieved by a strengthened commitment to applied learning, as noted earlier. We believe the government needs to act to ensure all employers have the skills, knowledge and resources to help their employees achieve nationally recognised training mapped to workplace requirements. We also argued for increased, sustained funding of supports for young people moving beyond secondary school and towards independence. An Australian Youth Forum The Australian Government has moved to create an Australian Youth Forum and the Brotherhood was invited to respond to the related consultation. We framed our submission (BSL 2008b) around Article 12 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, to which Australian is a signatory: this establishes the right of children and young people to participate in the decisions that affect them. In line with our mission of empowering the people we work with, the Brotherhood believes this right should be afforded to all young people. This is an important
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component of the social inclusion agenda (Gillard & Wong 2007). Many young people who are disengaged or ‘at risk’ have valuable insights to contribute to the Australian community; yet their opinions are rarely sought, compounding their exclusion. Providing opportunities for young people to participate in civic life—to be active citizens—is an important factor in building their sense of agency, but disadvantaged young people have been shown to have less access to civic and social engagement than their more advantaged peers (Boese & Scutella 2006). Our joint research project, Youth Voice (Kellock 2007), illustrates one approach that gives young people voice and has multiple benefits for participants. We believe that consulting young people is essential to ensure that government policies and services designed for them are indeed appropriate and effective. The Brotherhood believes that the Australian Youth Forum should be an independent organisation capable of supporting government departments to consult young people in portfolio-specific ways. Importantly, the outcomes of any consultation should be conveyed to young people. We argue that the forum—ideally the Australian Youth Affairs Coalition—must be a high-profile organisation, sufficiently resourced to access the voice of youth through mechanisms including online media and the networks of organisations already working with young people in community contexts. Moving forward Recognising the benefit of working with others to create an inclusive society, the Brotherhood has formed an Equity in Education Alliance with other agencies advocating an inclusive education system. The
Alliance’s first objective will be truly ‘free’ education. We look forward to reporting developments in future issues of Comment . Annelies Kamp (03) 9483 1117 akamp@bsl.org.au References Australian Industry Group & Dusseldorp Skills Forum 2007, It’s Many young crunch time: raising youth engagement people who are and attainment: a discussion paper , disengaged or Dusseldorp Skills Forum, Glebe, NSW. ‘at risk’ have Ball, S J, Maguire, M & Macrae, S 2000, valuable insights Choice, pathways and transitions post‑16: to contribute to new youth, new economies in the global the Australian city , Routledge Falmer, London. community; yet Boese, M & Scutella, R 2006, their opinions The Brotherhood’s Social Barometer: are rarely sought, challenges facing Australian youth , compounding Brotherhood of St Laurence, Melbourne. their exclusion. Bond, S & Horn, M 2008, Counting the cost: parental experiences of education expenses , Brotherhood of St Laurence, Melbourne. Brotherhood of St Laurence 2008a, Growing up in an inclusive Victoria , submission to the Victorian Government on the Blueprint for Early Childhood Development and School Reform. —— 2008b, submission to the Australian Youth Forum consultation. —— 2008c, submission to the Victorian Government on skills reform. Department of Eduction and Early Childhood Development (DEECD) 2008, Blueprint for Early Childhood Development and School Reform , discussion paper, DEECD, Melbourne. Gillard, J & Wong, P 2007, An Australian social inclusion agenda , Australian Labor, Canberra, viewed 13 June 2008, <www.alp.org.au/download/now/ 071122 social inclusion.pdf>. _ _ Kellock, P 2007, Youth voice: peer research into youth transitions , The Youth Collaboration, Melbourne. Long, M 2006, The flipside of Gen Y , Dusseldorp Skills Forum, Glebe, NSW.
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The new employment services system Maximising the potential for social inclusion In its 2008–09 Budget, the 6 months possible for those in or Vocational Rehabilitation federal government announced stream 4. However, the streams will Services. The Brotherhood believes a major reshaping of the not be sequential and job seekers that for this group, indefinite work employment services funded by will only move to a more intensive experience is not appropriate. the Department of Education, stream if their level of disadvantage Instead they should be assessed Employment and Workplace increases. In all other cases, job after completing 12 months’ work Relations (DEEWR). This is an seekers will undertake ongoing experience and be eligible for an important step in acknowledging work experience (including Work additional round of assistance in the fundamental weaknesses of the for the Dole) after completing a appropriate stream or through the current system identified by the stream and will not be eligible for a Disability Employment Network or Brotherhood of St Laurence and second round in the original stream. Vocational Rehabilitation Services. other groups through the recent submission process (BSL 2008a). Other changes include bonus Social outcomes Promising changes include the payments when job seekers complete A further change is the introduction creation of a more simplified and accredited training before placement of substantial outcome payments integrated system with reduced in work, or are placed in skills for stream 4 participants micro-management and red shortage areas; a less punitive placed into employment. This tape; redistribution of resources and more engagement-focused increased employment focus is to the most disadvantaged job compliance system; higher payments welcomed by the Brotherhood, seekers; and increased focus for providers in remote areas; and although a greater emphasis on skills development and improved links with employers on sustainable employment accredited training including the (Commonwealth of Australia outcomes should be considered. Productivity Places Program. 2008). However, concerningly, the Based on the current PSP case overall investment in employment load, however, a considerable The new approach will merge seven services has actually been reduced. number of participants will be existing contracts into one that will unable to make the transition provide four streams of assistance Issues requiring further to work within 18 months; and based on job seeker needs. Job consideration there must be sufficient incentive seekers considered ‘job ready’ will The proposed new system has the to continue to work with these be assisted through stream 1, while potential to be significantly more participants. In the existing system, those requiring greater assistance effective. However, some areas of the the PSP has a program goal of will enter streams 2, 3 and 4. model require further consideration increasing economic and social Those requiring the highest level of (see BSL 2008b). Of most concern participation; and the BSL believes assistance, who currently receive to the Brotherhood are changes this must be retained in the new support through the Personal affecting job seekers in stream 4, model through rewarding social Support Programme (PSP) or who face the greatest personal as well as economic outcomes. Job Placement Employment and barriers including mental health This recognition is important Training (JPET), will enter stream 4. problems, social isolation, drug for the following reasons: and alcohol issues, homelessness • In each stream, providers will and family breakdown. to provide an incentive for develop for participants an providers to address non-individual Employment Pathways While the funding available to vocational barriers Plan that can include vocational and assist stream 4 job seekers has • to reduce the risk of ‘parking’ non-vocational activities. Brokerage increased substantially, it is of clients with little chance funding will also be available proposed that after completing of moving into work through the Employment Pathways this stream they will be required • to support a social inclusion Fund (EPF). This fund replaces to undertake indefinite work the Job Seeker Account in the Job experience, which includes minimal approach to working withther Network, but importantly extends funding for ongoing support. most disadvantaged job seeke s. brokerage funding to stream 4 job By contrast, under tfihnei sehxistgi nPgS P The extent to which stream 4 seekers, who currently have no sayrset eabml ei ntod ivmidovuea ldsirectly iinnto providers combine vocational and access to such funds in PSP or JPET. another form of assist nce such as non-vocational assistance is likely All streams will provide assistance a to be critical to the success of the for up to 12 months, with an extra JDoisb aNbielittwy oErkm Ipnloteynmsievnet SNueptpwoortr,k , noeutwc ommoedse.l Rine saecahricehv ihnags efomupnlody ment
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The extent to which stream 4 providers combine vocational and non-vocational assistance is likely to be critical to the success of the new model in achieving employment outcomes.
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that for this client group the most effective models address non-vocational and vocational barriers concurrently (Perkins 2008). As Figure 1 indicates, interventions that address non-vocational barriers (when used in tandem with those addressing vocational barriers) can reduce the non-vocational barriers’ impact and improve soft skills, which in turn can improve work readiness, and increase economic and social participation. Another risk is that the substantial new employment outcome payments may lead many providers to focus narrowly on vocational interventions and employment outcomes in order to maximise outcome fees. While the new model provides an important incentive to achieve employment outcomes that was missing under PSP, there is now no incentive to achieve social outcomes. This may create a perverse incentive for providers to focus attention within streams on the least disadvantaged participants who have the greatest likelihood of securing an employment outcome, at the expense of the more disadvantaged. Likely social participation among stream 4 participants The importance of increasing social participation by stream 4 participants is illustrated from an analysis of over 130 PSP participants. Typical characteristics include far less frequent social contact and lower membership of sporting, community and political groups, than the general population; and not being able to take part in many basic social activities including going to the cinema, eating out, shopping or going to sporting events (Perkins 2007). These people also experience a higher prevalence of family breakdown, much lower satisfaction with relationships with family and
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Figure 1 Maximising social inclusion outcomes for stream 4 requires a combination of interventions to address non-vocational and vocational barriers Social inclusion outcomes Paid work, education Icnocmremasuendit sy ocial or training participation Improved vocational Reduced barrier Intermediate outcomes skills and work impact and readiness improved soft skills Interventions Interventions Program inputs addressing addressing non-vocational barriers vocational barriers friends and less perceived social with others, deal with personal support, than the general population crises and access services, all of or other unemployed people. Social which are vitally needed by this functioning is also impeded, as group. Indeed, this broader focus participants typically report levels is also likely to have a positive of interference with normal social impact on their securing work. activities from physical health or emotional problems around Conclusion six times higher than among the Overall, the proposed new broader community (Perkins 2007). employment services system appears to be a positive step in addressing Social inclusion many of the limitations of the Recognising and rewarding current system. However, some social outcomes is also important aspects of the proposed model to ensure the best fit between require further consideration assistance provided in stream 4 and to optimise support for highly the government’s social inclusion disadvantaged job seekers. framework. Social inclusion at a practical level has been defined Daniel Perkins by the government as individuals (03) 9483 1381 having the opportunity to: dperkins@bsl.org.au • secure a job References • connect with others Brotherhood of St Laurence (BSL) 2008a, through family, friends, Sustainable outcomes for disadvantaged job seekers: submission to the work, personal interests and Australian Government on the Future of the local community Employment Assistance , Brotherhood tzro ic. • deal with personal crisis of St Laurence, Fi y, V —— 2008b, Submission to the Australian • access services Government on the Future of Employment Services in Australia discussion paper , • have their voices heard Brotherhood of St Laurence, Fitzroy, Vic. (Gillard 2008). Gillard, J 2008, Speech, ACOSS National The proposed stream 4 Conference, 10 April, Melbourne. arran Perkins, D 2007, Making it work: contrigbeumtee nstusb astrae nlitikaelllyy ttoo social promoting participation of job seekers with multiple barriers through the Personal inclusion by assisting individuals Support Programme , Brotherhood facing major barriers to employment of St Laurence, Fitzroy, Vic. tsoh oseucldu reex at ejnodb .b eHyoownde vwer, tkhe focus —— 2008, ‘Improving employment or to participation for welfare recipients assisting participants to connect facing personal barriers’, Social Policy and Society , vol.7, no.1, pp.13–26.
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Recognising and rewarding social outcomes is also important to ensure the best fit between assistance provided in stream 4 and the government’s social inclusion framework.
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