Ancient States and Empires

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The Project Gutenberg EBook of Ancient States and Empires by
John Lord
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost
and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy
it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project
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Title: Ancient States and Empires
Author: John Lord
Release Date: November 1, 2008 [Ebook 27114]
Language: English
***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK
ANCIENT STATES AND EMPIRES***Ancient States and Empires
For Colleges And Schools
By
John Lord LL.D.
Author of the “Old Roman World”
“Modern History” &c.
New York
Charles Scribner & Company
1869Contents
PREFACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
BOOK I. ANCIENT ORIENTAL NATIONS. . . . . . . . 3
CHAPTER I. THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD. . . . 3 II. POSTDILUVIAN HISTORY TO
THE CALL OF ABRAHAM.—THE PATRI-
ARCHAL CONSTITUTION, AND THE DIVI-
SION OF NATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
CHAPTER III. THE HEBREW RACE FROM ABRA-
HAM TO THE SALE OF JOSEPH. . . . . . . . 14
CHAPTER IV. EGYPT AND THE PHARAOHS. . . . 24 V. THE JEWS UNTIL THE CONQUEST
OF CANAAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
CHAPTER VI. THE CONQUEST OF CANAAN TO
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE KINGDOM
OF DAVID. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
CHAPTER VII. THE JEWISH MONARCHY. . . . . 52 VIII. THE OLD CHALDEAN AND AS-
SYRIAN MONARCHIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
CHAPTER IX. THE EMPIRE OF THE MEDES AND
PERSIANS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
CHAPTER X. ASIA MINOR AND PHŒNICIA. . . . 88 XI. JEWISH HISTORY FROM THE
BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY TO THE BIRTH
OF CHRIST.—THE HIGH PRIESTS AND THE
ASMONEAN AND IDUMEAN KINGS. . . . . 96
CHAPTER XII. THE ROMAN GOVERNORS. . . . . 116
BOOK II. THE GRECIAN STATES. . . . . . . . . . . . 131
CHAPTER XIII. THE GEOGRAPHY OF ANCIENT
GREECE AND ITS EARLY INHABITANTS. . 131iv Ancient States and Empires
CHAPTER XIV. THE LEGENDS OF ANCIENT
GREECE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
CHAPTER XV. THE GRECIAN STATES AND
COLONIES TO THE PERSIAN WARS. . . . . 165
CHAPTER XVI. GRECIAN CIVILIZATION BE-
FORE THE PERSIAN WARS. . . . . . . . . . . 184
CHAPTER XVII. THE PERSIAN WAR. . . . . . . . 193 XVIII. THE AGE OF PERICLES. . . . . . 221
CHAPTER XIX. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR. . . 238 XX. MARCH OF CYRUS AND RE-
TREAT OF THE TEN THOUSAND GREEKS. . 282
CHAPTER XXI. THE LACEDÆMONIAN EMPIRE. 292 XXII. THE REPUBLIC OF THEBES. . . 303
CHAPTER XXIII. DIONYSIUS AND SICILY. . . . . 321 XXIV. PHILIP OF MACEDON. . . . . . . 344
CHAPTER XXV. ALEXANDER THE GREAT. . . . 361
BOOK III. THE ROMAN EMPIRE. . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
CHAPTER XXVI. ROME IN ITS INFANCY, UN-
DER KINGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
CHAPTER XXVII. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC TILL
THE INVASION OF THE GAULS. . . . . . . . 398
CHAPTER XXVIII. THE CONQUEST OF ITALY. . 410 XXIX. THE FIRST PUNIC WAR. . . . . 417
CHAPTER XXX. THE SECOND PUNIC OR HAN-
NIBALIC WAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
CHAPTER XXXI. THE MACEDONIAN AND ASI-
ATIC WARS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
CHAPTER XXXII. THE THIRD PUNIC WAR. . . . . 452 XXXIII. ROMAN CONQUESTS FROM
THE FALL OF CARTHAGE TO THE TIMES
OF THE GRACCHI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
CHAPTER XXXIV. ROMAN CIVILIZATION AT
THE CLOSE OF THE THIRD PUNIC WAR,
AND THE FALL OF GREECE. . . . . . . . . . 466v
CHAPTER XXXV. THE REFORM MOVEMENT OF
THE GRACCHI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
CHAPTER XXXVI. THE WARS WITH JUGURTHA
AND THE CIMBRI.—MARIUS. . . . . . . . . 487
CHAPTER XXXVII. THE REVOLT OF ITALY,
AND THE SOCIAL WAR.—MARIUS AND
SULLA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
CHAPTER XXXVIII. THE MITHRIDATIC AND
CIVIL WARS.—MARIUS AND SULLA. . . . . 500
CHAPTER XXXIX. ROME FROM THE DEATH
OF SULLA TO THE GREAT CIVIL WARS
OF CÆSAR AND POMPEY.—CICERO, POM-
PEY, AND CÆSAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508
CHAPTER XL. THE CIVIL WARS BETWEEN
CÆSAR AND POMPEY. . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
CHAPTER XLI. THE
CIVIL WARS FOLLOWING THE DEATH OF
CÆSAR.—ANTONIUS.—AUGUSTUS. . . . . 534
CHAPTER XLII. THE ROMAN EMPIRE ON THE
ACCESSION OF AUGUSTUS. . . . . . . . . . 546
CHAPTER XLIII. THE SIX CÆSARS OF THE JU-
LIAN LINE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
CHAPTER XLIV. THE CLIMAX OF THE ROMAN
EMPIRE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
CHAPTER XLV. THE DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE. . 594 XLVI. THE FALL OF THE . . 617
Advertisements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
Footnotes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639[003]PREFACE.
This work is designed chiefly for educational purposes, since
there is still felt the need of some book, which, within moderate
limits, shall give a connected history of the ancient world.
The author lays no claim to original investigation in so broad
a field. He simply has aimed to present the salient points—the
most important events and characters of four thousand years,
in a connected narrative, without theories or comments, and
without encumbering the book with details of comparatively
little interest. Most of the ancient histories for schools, have
omitted to notice those great movements to which the Scriptures
refer; but these are here briefly presented, since their connection
with the Oriental world is intimate and impressive, and ought not
[004] to be omitted, even on secular grounds. What is history without
a Divine Providence?
In the preparation of this work, the author has been contented
with the last standard authorities, which he has merely simplified,
abridged, and condensed, being most indebted to Rawlinson,
Grote, Thirlwall, Niebuhr, Mommsen, and Merivale,—following
out the general plan of Philip Smith, whose admirable digest, in
three large octavos, is too extensive for schools.
Although the author has felt warranted in making a free use
of his materials, it will be seen that the style, arrangement, and
reflections are his own. If the book prove useful, his object will
be attained.
STAMFORD October, 1869.
[013]BOOK I.
ANCIENT ORIENTAL NATIONS.
CHAPTER I.
THE ANTEDILUVIAN WORLD.
The Creation.
The history of this world begins, according to the chronology of
Archbishop Ussher, which is generally received as convenient
rather than probable, in the year 4004 before Christ. In six days
God created light and darkness, day and night, the firmament and
the continents in the midst of the waters, fruits, grain, and herbs,
moon and stars, fowl and fish, living creatures upon the face of
the earth, and finally man, with dominion “over the fish of the
sea, and the fowls of the air, and cattle, and all the earth, and
every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.” He created
man in his own image, and blessed him with universal dominion.
He formed him from the dust of the ground, and breathed into
his nostrils the breath of life. On the seventh day, God rested
from this vast work of creation, and blessed the seventh day and
sanctified it, as we suppose, for a day of solemn observance for
all generations.
He there planted a garden eastward in Eden, with every tree The garden of
Eden.pleasant to the sight and good for food, and there placed man4 Ancient States and Empires
to dress and keep it. The original occupation of man, and his
[014] destined happiness, were thus centered in agricultural labor.
Adam and Eve. But man was alone; so God caused a deep sleep to fall upon
him, and took one of his ribs and made a woman. And Adam said,
“this woman,” which the Lord had brought unto him,“is bone of
my bone, and flesh of my flesh; therefore shall a man leave his
father and mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall
be one flesh.” Thus marriage was instituted. We observe three
divine institutions while man yet remained in a state of innocence
and bliss—the Sabbath; agricultural employment; and marriage.
Primeval Paradise. Adam and his wife lived, we know not how long, in the garden
of Eden, with perfect innocence, bliss, and dominion. They did
not even know what sin was. There were no other conditions
imposed upon them than they were not to eat of the fruit of the
tree of knowledge of good and evil, which was in the midst of
the garden—a preeminently goodly tree, “pleasant to the eyes,
and one to be desired.”
Situation of Eden. Where was this garden—this paradise—located? This is a
mooted question—difficult to be answered. It lay, thus far
as we know, at the head waters of four rivers, two of which
were the Euphrates and the Tigris. We infer thence, that it was
situated among the mountains of Armenia, south of the Caucasus,
subsequently the cradle of the noblest races of men,—a temperate
region, in the latitude of Greece and Italy.
Glory of Eden. We suppose that the garden was beautiful and fruitful, beyond
all subsequent experience—watered by mists from the earth, and
not by rains from the clouds, ever fresh and green, while its two
noble occupants lived up