ART AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT: MAPPING THE CONNECTIONS THE WORKBOOK

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ART AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT: MAPPING THE CONNECTIONS THE WORKBOOK A project of the Walker Art Center's Education and Community Programs Department

forum for civic engagement
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Sujets

Glucose as a Potent Inducer of
Cell Death in Yeast

Sara Raquel Reis de Oliveira

Dissertation to obtain the Master Degree in
Biological Engineering

Jury
Presidente: Prof. Maria Raquel Murias dos Santos Aires Barros,
Departamento de Bioengenharia (DBE)
Orientação: Prof. Isabel Maria de Sá Correia Leite de Almeida,
Departamento de Bioengenharia (DBE)
Dr. Beatriz Monge Bonini, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Vogal: Dr. Sandra Sofia Costa dos Santos

October 2011
II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Now, that another chapter of my academic formation is written, I would like to thank you to all of
those that somehow helped me during this project:
First of all, I would like to thank to the promoters of my work, Prof. Johan Thevelein from KUL and
Prof. Isabel Sá-Correia from IST. Without them, it wouldn’t be possible. To PhD. Beatriz Monge Bonini, my
supervisor, for all the pacient guidance and teaching, caring support and friendship. I can’t thank you
enough.
For the collegues from the MCB laboratory and new friends: Betty, Alessandro, Georg, Tom,
Dries, Nico, Yudi, Jurgen, Bram, Ben, Dorota, Marta and Steijn. I really appreciate all the good moment
and valuable knowledge that you gave me. I couln’t forget Ken! To him a special thank you for sharing
with me the bench, the knowledge, the traditional Belgium meals, the funny discussions, the worries, the
celebrations and much more. Dank u well!
For the friends from all times, I would like to thank you for helping me feeling home even if I was
really far away. Would not be fair not mentioning Nuno Bernardes. The reason why I ended up in central
Europe (Leuven) and the start of all of these. Thanks for the advices and availability.
The most valuable element during this journey was my family: Obrigada por tudo!

II
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present work was the study of the apoptotic mechanisms induced by glucose in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae TPS1 deletion mutant. The TPS1 gene encodes the Trehalose-6-phosphate
synthase. When cells of this mutant were exposed to glucose, they lost progressively the capacity to
proliferate but maintained the membrane integrity for much longer time, what was evaluated by using the
fluorescent probes oxonol and propidium iodide. The overexpression of pPDE2 recovered viability of the
tps1∆ mutant to a high extent when compared to the wild type. After glucose addition, the presence of
apoptotic and/or necrotic phenotypes was analyzed by the detection of accumulated intracelullarly
reactive oxygen species (ROS), assessed by 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and 123
DihydroRhodamine, by the presence of DNA fragmentation evaluated by TUNEL assay,
phosphatidylserine (PS) externalization visualized by the fluorescent Annexin-V binding and finally, by the
release of cytochrome c to the cytosol, detected by western blot.
Altogether, the results obtained indicate that exposition of yeast cells with TPS1 gene deleted to
different glucose concentrations, from 5 to 100 mM glucose, results in growth arrest originated by
apoptotic cell death, rather than necrotic death.

Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, glucose signaling, cAMP pathway, ROS production, apoptosis and
necrosis.

III
RESUMO
O presente trabalho teve como objectivo o estudo dos mecanismos apoptóticos induzidos por
glucose no mutante de eliminação de TPS1 em Saccharomyces cerevisiae. O gene TPS1 codifica a
Trealose-6-fosfato sintase. Quando as células de levedura deste mutante são expostas a glucose, estas
perdem progressivamente a capacidade de proliferar contudo mantêm a integridade membranar por um
período maior, esta última avaliada pelos flurocromos Bis-oxonol e Iodeto de Propídio. A sobreexpressão
de pPDE2 recuperou extensivamente a viabilidade do mutante tps1∆ quando comparado com células de
wt. Após adição de glucose, a presença dos fenótipos de apoptose e/ou necrose foi analisada,
verificando-se a acumulação intracelular de espécies reactivas de oxigénio (ERO), avaliada através de
diacetato de 2′,7′-dicloro-dihidrofluoresceína e 123 DihidroRodamina, a ocorrência de fragmentação de
ADN observada no ensaio TUNEL, a externalização de fosfatidilserina visualisada pela ligação
fluorescente de Anexina-V e para finalizar o registo de libertação de citocromo c para o citosol por
western blot.
Em conjunto, os resultados obtidos indicam que a exposição de células de levedura com o gene
TPS1 eliminado a diferentes concentrações de glucose, entre 5 a 100 mM de glucose, provoca uma
paragem de crescimento originada por morte celular apoptótica, ao invés de morte necrótica.

Palavras-chave: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, glucose; sinalização, via do AMP cíclico, produção
de ERO, apoptose e necrose.

IV
INDEX
1. LITERATURE OVERVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Nutrient Availability and Yeast Growth .......................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 S. cerevisiae Growth Curve: Glucose influence ..................................................................... 1
1.2 Glucose Metabolism Machinery...................................................................................................... 3
1.2.1 Sensing .................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.2 Transporters ............................................................................................................................ 4
1.2.3 Signal Transduction ................................................................................................................ 6
1.2.3.1 cAMP-PKA pathway activators ............................................................................................ 6
1.2.3.2 Protein Kinase A role ........................................................................................................... 8
1.2.3.3 cAMP-PKA pathway regulation through cAMP control ...................................................... 8
1.3 Trehalose pathway .......................................................................................................................... 9
1.3.1 Trehalose synthesis ................................................................................................................ 9
1.3.2 Hxk2 inhibition by trehalose 6-phosphate .............................................................................. 9
1.3.3 Influence on glycolysis upon TPS1 deletion ........................................................................ 10
1.4 Programmed Cell Death Modes .................................................................................................... 11
1.4.1 Apoptosis ............................................................................................................................... 12
1.4.1.1 Apoptotic markers in yeast ............................................................................................ 14
1.4.1.1.1 Cytochrome c release ......................................................................................................... 15
1.4.1.1.2 Reactive Oxygen Species ................................................................................................... 17
1.4.1.1.3 DNA fragmentation ............................................................................................................. 18
1.4.1.1.4 Phosphatidylserine exposure ............................................................................................ 19
1.4.1.2 Ras-cAMP-PKA pathway importance in yeast apoptosis ............................................. 20
1.4.2 Necrosis ................................................................................................................................. 21
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................................ 24
2.1 Strains and Growth Conditions .................................................................................................... 24
2.2 Yeast Genomic DNA Preparation .................................................................................................. 24
2.3 PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction ................................................................................................ 24
2.4 Spot Assay/Drop Test ................................................................................................................... 25
2.5 Clonogenic Assay ......................................................................................................................... 25
2.6 Isolation of Mitochondrial and Post Mitochondrial Fractions ..................................................... 26
(Cytochrome C Release) ........................................................................................................................... 26
2.7 Immunoprecipitation Assay / S-nitrosylation of GAPDH ............................................................. 27
2.7.1 Prepar