A RTICLES Kelsen in Paris: Frances Constitutional Reform and the Introduction of A Posteriori Constitutional Review of Legislation By Federico Fabbrini 1 A. Introduction On 23 July 2008, the President of the French Republic promulgated two days after the final vote of the two chambers of Parliament sitting jointly in Congrès (Congress) the constitutional revision bill de modernisation des institutions de la Vème République (of modernization of the institutions of the Fifth Republic) n° 2008-724. 2 The bill was mainly based on the research work done by a comité des sages (expert committee) de réflexion et de proposition sur la modernisation et le rééquilibrage des institutions de la Vème République (for the reflection and the proposition on the modernization and rebalancing of the institutions of the Fifth Republic). 3 It had been presented by the Government to Parliament on 23 April 1 Federico Fabbrini is a PhD student at the Law Department, European University Institute. He holds an undergraduate degree summa cum laude in European and Transnational Law at the University of Trento School of Law (Italy) and a JD summa cum laude in International Law at the University of Bologna School of Law (Italy). He was aggregated fellow at the Ecole Normale Supérieure Paris (France) in 2007 and a visiting student at the University of California Berkeley, Boalt Hall School of Law (USA) in 2005. Email: Federico.Fabbrini@EUI.eu. 2 The full text of the revision bill is published on the Official Journal of the French Republic n. 171 of 24 July 2008 and available in French in the web site of the Government at: http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte= JORFTEXT000019237256 as well as is in the web sites of the National Assembly at: http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/dossiers/reforme_5eme.asp and of the Senate at: http://www.senat.fr/dossierleg/pjl07-365.html, last accessed 25 September 2008. These websites also contain in French the bill presented by the Government and all the documents of the parliamentary revision procedure, including the report of the Law Commissions, the amendments proposed and the text of the bill as approved in both Chambers. For an overview of the political context in which the revision took place see: Stefano Ceccanti, Le istituzioni ed il sistema politico dopo il primo quinquiennato , in L A F RANCIA DI S ARKOZY , 27 (Gianfranco Baldini & Marc Lazar eds., 2007); Paolo Passaglia, Le elezioni legislative in Francia: più conferme che novità , 4 Q UADERNI C OSTITUZIONALI (Q UAD . C OST .) 860 (2007) 3 The full text of the research work is available in French in the web site of the Comité at: http://www.comite-constitutionnel.fr, last accessed 25 September 2008. The website also provides in