Mfecane Aftermath , livre ebook

THE
MFECANE
AFTERMATH
THE
MFECANE
AFTERMATH
Reconstructive Debates in Southern African History
EDITED BY
CAROLYN HAMILTON
WITWATERSRAND UNIVERSITY PRESS
UNIVERSITY OF NATAL PRESS
The Mfecane Aftermath is a joint publication of
Witwatersrand University Press
1 Jan Smuts Avenue
2001 Johannesburg, South Africa
and
University of Natal Press
Private Bag X01
3209 Scottsville
Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
© Witwatersrand University Press 1995
ISBN 1 86814 252 3 ISBN 978 1 86814 252 1 (Print) ISBN 978 1 86814 699 4 (PDF) ISBN 978 1 77614 296 5 (EPUB) ISBN 978 1 77614 297 2 (MOBI)
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.
Cover design Thea Soggot
Typesetting by University of Natal Press
Printed and bound by Creda Communications
The front cover picture depicts the historic remains of the underground settlement at Lepalong, dated by oral records to the 1820s and 1830s.
Photograph courtesy of the Department of Archaeology, University of the Witwatersrand
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Notes on Orthography and Names
Contributors
Introduction
Carolyn Hamilton
Part One: Historiography and Methodology
Putting the Mfecane Controversy into Historiographical Context
Norman Etherington
1 . Pre-Cobbing Mfecane Historiography
Christopher Saunders
2 . Old Wine in New Bottles
The Persistence of Narrative Structures in the Historiography of the Mfecane and the Great Trek
Norman Etherington
3 . Hunter-Gatherers, Traders and Slaves
The 'Mfecane' Impact on Bushmen, Their Ritual and Their Art
Thomas A. Dowson
4 . Language and Assassination
Cultural Negations in White Writers' Portrayal of Shaka and the Zulu
Dan Wylie
Part Two: The South-Eastern Coastal Region
Beyond the Concept of the 'Zulu Explosion'
Comments on the Current Debate
John Wright
5 . Sources of Conflict in Southern Africa c.1800–1830
The 'Mfecane' Reconsidered
Elizabeth A. Eldredge
6 . Political Transformations in the Thukela–Mzimkhulu
Region in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries
John Wright
7 . 'The Character and Objects of Chaka'
A Reconsideration of the Making of Shaka as Mfecane Motor
Carolyn Hamilton
8 . Matiwane's Road to Mbholompo
A Reprieve for the Mfecane?
Jeff Peires
9 . Unmasking the Fingo
The War of 1835 Revisited
Alan Webster
10 . The Mfecane Survives its Critics
John Omer-Cooper
Part Three: The Interior
'The time of troubles'
Difaqane in the Interior
Neil Parsons
11 . Archaeological Indicators for Stress in the Western
Transvaal Region between the Seventeenth and Nineteenth Centuries
Simon Hall
12 . Prelude to Difaqane in the Interior of Southern Africa
c. 1600–c. 1822
Neil Parsons
13 . Conflict in the Western Highveld/Southern Kalahari
c. l750–1820
Andrew Manson
14 . 'Hungry Wolves'
The Impact of Violence on Rolong Life, 1823–1836
Margaret Kinsman
15 . The Battle of Dithakong and 'Mfecane' Theory
Guy Hartley
16 . Untapped Sources
Slave Exports from Southern and Central Namibia up to c . 1850
Jan-Bart Gewald
Glossary
Abbreviations
Bibliographer's Note
Bibliography
Complete List of Papers Presented at the Colloquium
Index
Maps
The coast of south-eastern Africa
South-eastern Africa, c. 1830
The Delagoa-Mzimkhulu region
The position of African peoples, 1834
The expulsions of the Rharhabe people 1829–34
The War of 1835
'Fingo' entry into the Cape colony
The location of Fingo in 1835
The Transvaal showing archaeological sites
The main geographical areas of the trans-Vaal interior
The highveld in the early nineteenth century
The central and northern highveld
Overland trade routes in south-western Africa up to 1840
Overland trade routes in south-western Africa from 1850
The financial assistance of the Centre for Science Development (HSRC, South Africa) towards the publication of this work is hereby acknowledged. Opinions expressed in this publication and the conclusions arrived at, are those of the authors and are not necessarily to be attributed to the Centre for Science Development.
Preface
This book comprises a revised selection of the papers delivered at the colloquium 'The Mfecane Aftermath: Towards a New Paradigm', held at the University of the Witwatersrand in September 1991. A full list of the papers presented at the colloquium is reproduced at the end of the volume.
The book has been divided into three sections. Each of the sections is preceded by a specially commissioned contextualising essay which offers an overview of the section, together with discussion of the main areas of debate among the contributors to the section. The contextualising essays are designed to serve as introductions to the dense arguments which follow, while their review of debated evidence gives non-specialists the benefit of the evaluation of a scholar well versed in that particular area.
Part One takes stock of the major historiographical and methodological issues. Part Two is concerned largely with the history of the eastern coastal region in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and deals with some of the major debates over sources and their interpretation. Part Three examines events in the interior of southern Africa in the same period. Readers will detect greater methodological refinement in the use of sources in the essays in Part Two than in Part Three, as well as more detail and a better established chronology of political events. This unevenness is a consequence of the 'Zulu aftermath'. Interest in the Zulu kingdom resulted in a long-standing concern with the history of the KwaZulu-Natal region, whereas the myth of the depopulated interior underlay the neglect, until recently, of the precolonial history of the highveld. Scholars like John Wright and Jeff Peires, working on the coastal areas, are able to draw on substantial bodies of recorded oral traditions, about which considerable background material exists, whereas the oral history of the interior has been relatively little attended to. The essays in Part Three prepare the ground for studies of events and close analysis of the pertinent texts of the kind already begun for the coastal regions.
Together, the various contributions to the book provide one of the first detailed overviews of the major developments of the later precolonial period in southern Africa. While the volume offers the beginnings of a synthesis, there has been little attempt to impose editorial consistencies of historical detail, usage of concepts and vocabulary among the various essays, for these differences frequently signal the debates that are the very stuff of the book.
The collected essays do not represent a definitive account of the later precolonial history of southern Africa. Rather, they point up issues of contention among scholars working in this field, reveal lacunae in our knowledge of the period and suggest areas for further research.
One noticeable gap in this collection is the lack of contributions from black South African historians. Some scholars, like the Zulu nationalist historian, Simon Maphalala, have, since the colloquium, begun to engage in these debates. It is to be hoped that the publication of this volume, at a time when the study of the precolonial past is at last freed from association with the construction of apartheid's ethnicities, will stimulate a new generation of young historians to work on these topics and to make good that omission.
Another gap is the absence of a contribution from the initiator of the debate, Julian Cobbing. Although he presented two papers at the colloquium, and initially agreed to prepare an essay for this volume, Cobbing subsequently declined to submit his contribution. When the book was in proof it was sent to Cobbing together with an invitation to contribute an Afterword. Clarification and qualification of his arguments in the light of the discussions generated in this volume, as well as his view of how the debate has developed, would have been an invaluable addition to the corpus of material presented here. These Cobbing provided in response to the invitation, but declined to have them published without engaging in further debate with the contributors to this volume. To permit one of the protagonists in these debates such a privileged position would have been at the expense of the others. Regretfully, the editor and publishers abide by Cobbing's desire to have all or nothing in the book. Cobbing's single, but seminal and controversial, publication on the topic is readily available in the Journal of African History and his ideas are extensively discussed and debated in the following pages.
The text is augmented by detailed maps. In addition, there is an extensive consolidated bibliography to which extra items of interest – in particular, recent publications concerning the precolonial history of the region – have been added. It will be a useful guide to students starting out in this field, as well as a valuable resource for established scholars seeking their way through the textual intricacies of varied editions and secondary texts that have become the primary sources for the historiographical and methodological debates that are a feature of this volume.
CAROLYN HAMILTON
Acknowledgements
The production of a book which is focused on a set of debates poses many problems. The original dialogue on the conference floor was frequently heated and tense. The contributors to this book fail to agree on, indeed, they passionately contest, the orthography of the subject of the book (is it 'The Mfecane' , mfecane or 'mfekaan'), not to mention their disagreements over the meaning of the term. Under such conditions, an editor treads a potentially treacherous