In Living Waters, Margaret Wooster canoes, portages, camps beside, and wades into eight Great Lakes watersheds across New York and Québec, returning with her pockets full of original stories from these beautiful, boggy, and prehistoric waterways. From the history of hydropower development on the Niagara River to the search for a wizard's cave in the Zoar Valley, from a portrait of an urban creek in Buffalo, to the origins and demise of New France on the St. Lawrence, Living Waters offers a fascinating, first-person exploration of the rivers that impact our world's largest freshwater ecosystem. List of Illustrations Preface Acknowledgments
Introduction 1. The Global Context
Part I. The Niagara Frontier
2. What Is Niagara? Interlude: Harmonic Convergence, Niagara Falls
3. Scajaquada: Portrait of an Urban Creek
4. Buffalo River Abandoned Interlude: The Power of Water
Part II. Beginnings
5. Genesee Torture Tree: Rereading Little Beard’s Signs
6. Zoar Valley Genesis Interlude: Killdeer and Other Mysteries
Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0748€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.
Extrait
This page intentionally left blank.
L i v i n g Wa t e r s
T h e G r e a t L a k e s – S t. L a w r e n c e R i v e r S y s t e m
MARGARETWOOSTER
L i v i n g Wa t e r s Reading the Rivers of the Lower Great Lakes
STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRESS
Published by STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK PRESS, ALBANY
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher.
For information, contact State University of New York Press www.sunypress.edu
Production and book design, Laurie D. Searl Marketing, Susan M. Petrie
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Wooster, Margaret. Living waters : reading the rivers of the lower Great Lakes / Mar garet Wooster. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 9780791477038 (hardcover : alk. paper) ISBN 9780791477045 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Great Lakes Region (North America)—Environmental conditions. 2. Water supply—Great Lakes Region (North America) 3. Ecology—Great Lakes Region (North America) 4. Great Lakes Region (North America)—Description and travel. I. Title. GE160.G75W66 2009 333.91'620977—dc22 2008017299
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1.
2.
3. 4.
5. 6.
7. 8.
C o n t e n t s
List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Foreword The Global Context
PARTI THENIAGARAFRONTIER What Is Niagara? Interlude: Harmonic FallsConvergence, Niagara Scajaquada: Portrait of an Urban Creek Buffalo River Abandoned InterludeWaterPower of : The
PARTII BEGINNINGS Genesee Torture Tree: Rereading Little Beard’s Signs Zoar Valley Genesis Interludeand Other Mysteries: Killdeer
PARTIII THEEASTERNDOOR High Peaks, Cloud Lakes Oswego, Onondaga, and the Politics of Listing
v
vii ix xi 1
15 32 35 51 68
73 87 104
109 125
vi
9.
10.
C O N T E N T S
Le Fleuve Interlude: Second Voyage Leopold Revisited
Notes Bibliography Index
141 164 169
181 189 195
I l l u s t r a t i o n s
Map: The Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River system Map: New York’s Great Lakes watersheds by chapter number 1.1 Snow crystals photographs by Wilson A. Bentley 1.2 Map: Lower lakes Areas of Concern 2.1 Map: Niagara River 2.2 Map: Niagara Escarpment 2.3 Love’s map of Model City 2.4 Tuscarora protest: “Moses Go Home” 2.5 “Falls Follies” 3.1 Map: Scajaquada Creek Watershed 3.2 “Story of Black Rock” 3.3 Jubilee Spring brochure 3.4 Parkside Greens’ banner 4.1 Map: Buffalo River Area of Concern 4.2 TheBreechunloads 4.3 Buffalo River, 1995 4.4 Buffalo River, 1951 4.5 Senator Robert F. Kennedy and Stan Spisiak on the Buffalo River 5.1 Map: Genesee River Watershed 5.2 1755 map: “Partie Occidentale de la Nouvelle France” 5.3 State historical sign at the “Torture Tree”
vii
ii xii 4 10 14 18 24 28 29 34 38 44 48 50 56 59 62
66 72 75 77
viii
I L L U S T R A T I O N S
5.4 Wooster barn 5.5 Salt mine shaft 6.1 Map: Cattaraugus Creek Watershed 6.2 Zoar Valley 6.3 “Map of Hodenosauneega” 6.4 Lighting the creek 7.1 Map: Adirondack Watersheds 7.2 Adirondack highlands 7.3 Space shuttle view: smog over lower Great Lakes 7.4 Beaver work at Lake Tear of the Clouds 8.1 Map: Oswego River Watershed 8.2 Lock on the Oswego River 8.3 Inland range of American eel 8.4 Inland range of Atlantic salmon 9.1 Map: Le Fleuve 9.2 Map: St. Lawrence mixing zone 9.3 Map: St. Lawrence Seaway region 10.1 Éole, CapChat. “The highest vertical axis wind turbine in the world” 10.2 The land holds up signs