Cultural World of the Bible , livre ebook

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205 pages

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In this new edition of a successful book (over 120,000 copies sold), now updated throughout, a leading expert on the social world of the Bible offers students a reliable guide to the manners and customs of the ancient world. From what people wore, ate, and built to how they exercised justice, mourned, and viewed family and legal customs, this illustrated introduction helps readers gain valuable cultural background on the biblical world. The attractive, full-color, user-friendly design will appeal to students, while numerous pedagogical features--including fifty photos, sidebars, callouts, maps, charts, a glossary of key terms, chapter outlines, and discussion questions--increase classroom utility. Previously published as Manners and Customs in the Bible.

Sujets

Bibles

Philosophie et théologie

Reference work

Christianity

Bible

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Publié par	Baker Publishing Group
Date de parution	14 juillet 2015
Nombre de lectures	0
EAN13	9781441228253
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	11 Mo

Informations légales : prix de location à la page 0,0806€. Cette information est donnée uniquement à titre indicatif conformément à la législation en vigueur.

Extrait

© 1988, 1991, 2006, 2015 by Victor H. Matthews
Published by Baker Academic
a division of Baker Publishing Group
P.O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287
www . bakeracademic . com
Ebook edition created 2015
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—for example, electronic, photocopy, recording—without the prior written permission of the publisher. The only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews.
Earlier editions of this book were published as Manners and Customs in the Bible: An Illustrated Guide to Daily Life in Bible Times .
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file at the Library of Congress, Washington, DC.
ISBN 978-1-4412-2825-3
Scripture quotations are from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright © 1989, by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the United States of America. Used by permission. All rights reserved.
To Carol, Peter, and Samuel
Contents
Cover i
Title Page ii
Copyright Page iii
Dedication iv
List of Illustrations ix
Preface to the Fourth Edition xi
Abbreviations xiii
Introduction 1
Reconstructing Israel’s Social World from Context 1
Development of Biblical Literature 6
Historical Geography of Bible Lands 6
Approach of This Book 11
Discussing Aspects of Everyday Life in Ancient Israel 13
Discussion Questions 14
1. Ancestral Period 15
Historical Introduction 16
Physical Appearance and Fashion 20
Cultural Issues Faced by Immigrants 22
Herding Practices 29
Food Preparation and Diet 32
Marriage Customs 33
Religious Practices 39
Legal Customs 42
Weapons and Warfare 44
Discussion Questions 45
2. Exodus-Settlement Period 47
Historical Introduction 48
Village Life 54
Agricultural Methods and Tools 58
Weapons and Warfare 64
Social Organization and Administration of Law 70
Family Life 75
Religious Practices 81
Discussion Questions 90
3. Monarchic Period 91
Historical Introduction 92
The Israelite City 110
Social Life 124
Health Issues 133
Law 140
Religious Practices 148
Weapons and Warfare 160
Discussion Questions 165
4. Exile and Return 167
Historical Introduction 168
Life in the Diaspora 183
Life after the Return from Exile 184
Religious Life in the Diaspora, Yehud, and Samaria 193
Discussion Questions 203
5. Intertestamental and New Testament Periods 205
Historical Introduction 206
Social Life 231
Economic Life 250
Religious Life 259
Discussion Questions 267
Glossary 269
Annotated and Select Bibliography 277
Index of Subjects 291
Index of Personal Names 297
Index of Place Names 299
Index of Scripture and Other Ancient Writings 301
Image Credits 317
Back Cover 319
List of Illustrations
Introduction Geography of Ancient Israel 9
1.1 King Hammurabi 18
1.2 Painting of Semites from Beni-Hasan 21
1.3 Remains of Shechem 27
1.4 Beer-sheba 31
1.5 Well at Beer-sheba 34
1.6 Votive figurines 38
1.7 Canaanite-period sickle swords 45
2.1 Victory stele of Pharaoh Merneptah 51
2.2 Four-room house at Hazor 57
2.3 Stone watchtower 63
2.4 Spearheads from the Middle Bronze period 66
2.5 Egyptian relief of soldiers’ hands 70
2.6 City gate at Dan 73
2.7 Threshing floor near Bethlehem 79
2.8 Megiddo altar remains 82
2.9 Cult incense stand 88
3.1 Stepped stone structure 92
3.2 Amarna Tablet 103
3.3 Solomonic-period gate at Gezer 113
3.4 Plaza outside the city gates at Dan 116
3.5 Megiddo 120
3.6 Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III 127
3.7 Yavneh Yam Inscription 128
3.8 Double-flute player 133
3.9 Burial chambers at Ketef Hinnom 138
3.10 Stele of Hammurabi 146
3.11 Horned altar from Megiddo 150
3.12 Bronze figurine of Baal 152
3.13 Dome of the Rock 159
3.14 Relief of Assyrian capture of Egyptian fortress 162
4.1 Babylonian Chronicle 173
4.2 Cyrus Cylinder 175
4.3 Iron altar shovels from Dan 181
4.4 The “broad wall” of Nehemiah 3:8 188
4.5 Steps to the shrine on Mount Gerizim 194
4.6 Mount Sinai 197
4.7 Second Temple ritual bath 202
5.1 Alexander the Great 210
5.2 Antiochus IV Epiphanes 214
5.3 “The Treasury” at Petra 218
5.4 Interior of the fortress at Herodium 221
5.5 Pontius Pilate inscription 223
5.6 Masada 227
5.7 Coins from the Bar Kochba period 230
5.8 Remains of private houses at Capernaum 232
5.9 Caesarea Maritima 237
5.10 Caves at Qumran 240
5.11 Funerary relief from Palmyra 244
5.12 Pool of Bethesda, Jerusalem 248
5.13 Kidron Valley tombs 250
5.14 Erastus inscription from Corinth 256
5.15 Reproduction of Herod’s Temple 261
5.16 Qumran settlement remains 262
5.17 Synagogue at Capernaum 265
Preface to the Fourth Edition
The first edition of this volume was published in 1988. Since that time both the field of biblical studies and I have continued to change. We have learned from and weathered the storms of interpretive differences and have been amazed by advances in the analysis of archaeological data. And our heightened precision in readings of ancient texts has come through the production of image-based, digital editions. With that in mind, I continue to believe that a book detailing the social world of ancient Israel deserves a place in classrooms and for private study. The editors of Baker Academic and I have decided that we should revise and expand this new edition so that it can be more effectively used as a textbook or as a supplement to other textbooks in classes on the Bible. The result of this new focus is that we have retained the best of what has appeared in previous editions, such as the historical summaries at the beginning of each chapter and the discussion of aspects of everyday life, while significantly expanding the text and adding new pedagogical features. Rather than serving primarily as a reference work, its aim is to spark conversation and to bring the narratives and the characters to life. The Bible deserves close study, and students should have the opportunity to exercise their critical thinking skills to raise questions and to seek out a fuller understanding of how the ancient world differs from their own. While they cannot physically enter Jerusalem in the time of King David, they can explore what it is like to live in a world without automobiles, electricity, and smartphones. Even though they may not experience being taken into exile after seeing their homes destroyed, they can be made aware through reading what prophets like Jeremiah had to say about these devastating times, and they can feel the pain of musicians who no longer can sing a song to Yahweh in the temple (Ps. 137). And when they read one of Jesus’s parables, they can explore his use of agricultural metaphors and social situations and gain a better sense of what he meant by the “kingdom of heaven.” With that said, I commend this book to your use, and I hope it succeeds in advancing your study of the Bible and its world.
Abbreviations
Old Testament/Hebrew Bible Gen. Genesis Exod. Exodus Lev. Leviticus Num. Numbers Deut. Deuteronomy Josh. Joshua Judg. Judges 1–2 Sam. 1–2 Samuel 1–2 Chron. 1–2 Chronicles Neh. Nehemiah Ps./Pss. Psalm/Psalms Prov. Proverbs Eccles. Ecclesiastes Song Song of Songs/Canticles Isa. Isaiah Jer. Jeremiah Lam. Lamentations Ezek. Ezekiel Dan. Daniel Mic. Micah Hag. Haggai Zech. Zechariah Mal. Malachi
New Testament Matt. Matthew Rom. Romans 1–2 Cor. 1–2 Corinthians Gal. Galatians Eph. Ephesians Col. Colossians 1 Thess. 1 Thessalonians 1 Tim. 1 Timothy Heb. Hebrews 1 Pet. 1 Peter Rev. Revelation
Deuterocanonical/Apocryphal Works 1 Esd. 1 Esdras 1–3 Macc. 1–3 Maccabees Sir. Sirach
Other Abbreviations 1QpHab Pesher Habakkuk (Dead Sea Scrolls) ANET Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament . Edited by J. B. Pritchard. 3rd ed. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. Ant . Josephus, Jewish Antiquities Apion Josephus, Against Apion ARM Archives royales de Mari ARMT Archives royales de Mari, transcrite et traduite AUSS Andrews University Seminary Studies b. Babylonian Talmud BA Biblical Archaeologist (now Near Eastern Archaeology ) BAR Biblical Archaeology Review BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research B. Bat . Baba Batra BCE Before the Common Era BRev Bible Review BTB Biblical Theology Bulletin BZ Biblische Zeitschrift CE Common Era CH Code of Hammurabi Cor . Tertullian, De corona militis ( The Crown ) COS The Context of Scripture . Edited by William W. Hallo and K. Lawson Younger Jr. 3 vols. Leiden: Brill, 1997–2002. EA El Amarna tablets Eccl. Hist . Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History FEH Fides et Historia Git. Gittin Good Person Philo, That Every Good Person Is Free Hist. Herodotus, Histories IEJ Israel Exploration Journal JANES The Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament JSOTSup Journal for the Study of the Old Testament: Supplement Series J.W. Josephus, Jewish War KTU Die keilalphabetischen Texte aus Ugarit LCMAM Roth, M. T. Law Collections from Mesopotamia and Asia Minor . 2nd ed. Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1997. MAL Middle Assyrian Law Code NEA Near Eastern Archaeology (formerly Biblical Archaeologist ) Opif. Philo of Alexandria, De opificio mundi ( On the Creation of the World ) OTP Matthews, Victor H., and Don C. Benjamin. Old Testament Parallels: Laws and Stories from the Ancient Near East . 3rd ed. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist, 2006. Pirqe R. El. Pirqe Rabbi Eliezer Quaest. rom . Plutarch, Quaestiones romanae et graecae ( Roman and Greek Questions ) Sat . Juvenal, Satires Satur. Macrobius, Saturnalia Spec. Philo, De specialibus legibus ( On the Special Laws ) Ta‘an. Ta‘anit TAD Porten, Bezalel, and Ada Yardeni. Textbook of Aramaic Documents from Ancient Egypt . Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 1996. T. Reu . Testament of Reuben Vita Hadr. Dio Cassius, Vita Hadriani ( Life of Hadrian ) y. Jerusalem Talmud
Introduction

C HAPTER O UTLINE
Reconstructing Israel’s Social W