Swaiman's Pediatric Neurology - E-Book , livre ebook

Swaiman’s Pediatric Neurology
Principles and Practice Volume 1
Fifth Edition

Kenneth F. Swaiman, MD
Director Emeritus, Division of Pediatric Neurology
Professor Emeritus of Neurology and Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Stephen Ashwal, MD
Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics, Chief of the Division of Child Neurology and Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA

Donna M. Ferriero, MD MS
W.H. and Marie Wattis Distinguished Professor and Chair Department of Pediatrics Physician-in-Chief UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA

Nina F. Schor, MD
William H. Eilinger Chair of Pediatrics, Professor, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
Saunders
Front matter
Swaiman’s Pediatric Neurology
Commissioning Editor: Lotta Kryhl
Development Editor: Janice Gaillard
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Swaiman’s Pediatric Neurology

Principles and Practice
FIFTH EDITION
Volume 1
Kenneth F. Swaiman MD , Director Emeritus, Division of Pediatric Neurology Professor Emeritus of Neurology and Pediatrics University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, MN, USA
Stephen Ashwal MD , Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics Chief of the Division of Child Neurology and Pediatrics Loma Linda University School of Medicine Loma Linda, CA, USA
Donna M. Ferriero MD MS , W.H. and Marie Wattis Distinguished Professor and Chair Department of Pediatrics Physician-in-Chief UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital University of California San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
Nina F. Schor MD PhD , William H. Eilinger Chair of Pediatrics Professor, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology, and Neurobiology and Anatomy University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Rochester, NY, USA
Dedication
With pleasure and appreciation we dedicate this book to our spouses, Phyllis Sher, Eileen Ashwal, Thomas Rando, and Robert Schor, who made it possible for us to spend the enormous amount of time planning, reading, and editing that was necessary to bring this text to fruition. It is impossible to describe the value of their encouragement and support adequately.
Furthermore, no dedication of a book embracing this field would be meaningful without a tribute to the courage and perseverance of neurologically impaired children and their caretakers.
Copyright

SAUNDERS is an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
© 2012, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
First edition 1989
Second edition 1994
Third edition 1999
Fourth edition 2006
Fifth edition 2012
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher's permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions .
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher.

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Saunders
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Swaiman's pediatric neurology. -- 5th ed.
1. Pediatric neurology.
I. Ashwal, Stephen, 1945- II. Swaiman, Kenneth F., 1931-
III. Pediatric neurology.
618.9'28-dc22
ISBN-13: 9781437704358
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface to the First Edition
It is concurrently tiring, humiliating, and intellectually revitalizing to compile a book containing the essence of the information that embraces one’s life work and professional preoccupation. For me, there is a certain moth-to-the-flame phenomenon that cannot be resisted; therefore this new book has been produced.
Pediatric neurology has come of age since my initial interest and subsequent immersion in the field. Concentrated attention to the details of brain development and function has brought much progress and understanding. Studies of disease processes by dedicated and intelligent individuals accompanied by a cascade of new technology (e.g., neuroimaging techniques, positron emission tomography, DNA probes, synthesis of gene products, sophisticated lipid chemistry) have propelled the field forward. The simultaneous increase of knowledge and capability of pediatric neurologists and others who diagnose and treat children with nervous system dysfunction has been extremely gratifying.
Although once within the realm of honest delusion of a seemingly sane (but unrealistic) devotee of the field, it is no longer possible to believe that a single individual can fathom, much less explore, the innumerable rivulets that coalesce to form the river of knowledge that currently is pediatric neurology. Streams of information in certain areas sometimes peacefully meander for years; suddenly, when knowledge of previously obscure areas is advanced and the newly gained information becomes central to understanding basic pathophysiologic entities, a once small stream gains momentum and abruptly flows with torrential force.
This text is an attempt to gather the most important aspects of current pediatric neurology and display them in a comprehensible manner. The task, although consuming great energies and concentration, cannot be accomplished completely because new conditions are described daily.
The advancement of the field necessitated that preparation of this text keep pace with current knowledge and present new and valuable techniques. My colleagues and I have made every effort to discharge this responsibility. Because of continuous scientific progress, controversies are extant in some areas for varying periods; wherever possible, these areas of conflict are indicated.
This book is divided into four unequal parts. Part I contains a discussion of the historic and clinical examination. Part II contains information concerning laboratory examination. Chapters relating to the symptom complexes that often reflect the chief complaints of neurologically impaired children compose Part III. Part IV provides detailed discussion of various neurologic diseases that afflict children.
Although every precaution has been taken to avoid error, bias, and prejudice, inevitably some of these demons have become embedded in the text. The editor assumes full responsibility for these indiscretions.
It is my fervent hope that the reader will find this book informative and stimulating and that the contents will provide an introduction to the understanding of many of the conditions that remain mysterious and poorly explained.

Kenneth F. Swaiman, MD
Autumn 1988
Preface to the Fifth Edition
Since publication in 2006 of the fourth edition of Pediatric Neurology: Principles & Practice , the discipline of child neurology has progressed and reached new levels of complexity. Advances in molecular biology and neuroimaging have fueled an explosion of knowledge that has translated into a richer understanding of nervous system development and function. Researchers and clinicians alike believe that, during the next decade, novel and targeted treatments will be the product of such fundamental advances in knowledge. Successful treatment of children with both common and rare neurologic disorders is becoming a reality.
This fifth edition reflects the enormous growth and intricacy of the basic and clinical neurosciences. The entire text has been revised and reorganized. Many chapters have undergone extensive updating, as they reflect clinical areas of child neurology that are bec