Imaging of the Brain E-Book , livre ebook

Imaging of the Brain

Thomas P. Naidich, MD
Professor of Radiology and Neurosurgery, Irving and Dorothy Regenstreif Research Professor of Neuroscience (Neuroimaging), Director of Neuroradiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York

Mauricio Castillo, MD
Professor of Radiology, Chief and Program Director, Neuroradiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Soonmee Cha, MD
Professor of Radiology and Neurological Surgery, Program Director, Diagnostic Radiology Residency, Attending Neuroradiologist, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California

James G. Smirniotopoulos, MD
Chief Editor, MedPix ® , Professor of Radiology, Neurology, and Biomedical Informatics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
Program Leader, Diagnostics and Imaging, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
SAUNDERS
Table of Contents
Instructions for online access
Cover image
Title page
OTHER VOLUMES IN THE EXPERT RADIOLOGY SERIES
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
SECTION ONE: TECHNIQUES FOR IMAGING
Chapter 1: Static Anatomic Techniques
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Chapter 2: Dynamic Functional and Physiological Techniques
PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES
IMAGING
SPECIFIC USES
PITFALLS AND LIMITATIONS
CURRENT RESEARCH AND FUTURE DIRECTION
ANALYSIS
SECTION TWO: IMAGE AND PATTERN ANALYSIS
Chapter 3: Analysis of Density, Signal Intensity, and Echogenicity
RADIOGRAPHIC/CT DENSITY
MRI SIGNAL INTENSITY
ECHOGENICITY
RELATIVE SPECIFICITY OF DENSITY VERSUS SIGNAL INTENSITY VERSUS REFINING ANALYSIS BY USE OF MULTIPLE TECHNIQUES
ANALYSIS
Chapter 4: Analysis of Mass Effect
ANATOMY
TYPES OF HERNIATION
TECHNIQUES
ANALYSIS
Chapter 5: Patterns of Contrast Enhancement
EXTRA-AXIAL ENHANCEMENT
INTRA-AXIAL ENHANCEMENT
SECTION THREE: SCALP, SKULL, AND MENINGES
Chapter 6: Scalp
GROSS ANATOMY
PATHOLOGY
IMAGING OF THE SCALP
ANALYSIS
Chapter 7: Skull
ANATOMY
IMAGING
HOW A PATHOLOGIC PROCESS ALTERS NORMAL APPEARANCE
ANALYSIS
Chapter 8: Cranial Meninges
EMBRYOLOGY
INTERNAL ORGANIZATION/LAYERS OF AREA
IMAGING
ANALYSIS
SECTION FOUR: NORMAL BRAIN ANATOMY
Supratentorial Brain
Chapter 9: Surface Anatomy of the Cerebrum
EMBRYOLOGY
ANATOMY
INFERIOR SURFACE
IMAGING
ANALYSIS
Chapter 10: Cerebral Cortex
ANATOMY
IMAGING
CHEMOARCHITECTURE
ALTERING OF NORMAL IMAGING APPEARANCE BY PATHOLOGIC PROCESS
Chapter 11: Deep Gray Nuclei and Related Fiber Tracts
EMBRYOLOGY
BASAL GANGLIA AND RELATED STRUCTURES
IMAGING
ANALYSIS
Chapter 12: White Matter
ANATOMY
IMAGING
ANALYSIS
Chapter 13: Ventricles and Intracranial Subarachnoid Spaces
ANATOMY
IMAGING
Chapter 14: Sella Turcica and Pituitary Gland
ANATOMY
IMAGING
Infratentorial Brain
Chapter 15: Brain Stem
ANATOMY
FUNCTION
IMAGING
ANALYSIS
Chapter 16: Cerebellum
ANATOMY
FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
IMAGING
ANALYSIS
Chapter 17: Cranial Nerves
GROSS ANATOMY
FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS
IMAGING
HOW PATHOLOGY ALTERS NORMAL APPEARANCE
ANALYSIS
SECTION FIVE: CEREBROVASCULAR ANATOMY AND DISEASE
Chapter 18: Normal Vascular Anatomy
EMBRYOGENESIS OF INTRACRANIAL VASCULATURE
ARTERIAL SYSTEM
ANALYSIS
Chapter 19: Intracranial Hemorrhage
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
IMAGING
ANALYSIS
Chapter 20: Atherosclerosis and the Chronology of Infarction
DOLICHOECTASIA
NEUROVASCULAR COMPRESSION SYNDROMES
FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA
ATHEROSCLEROTIC DISEASE
INTRACRANIAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS
DISSECTIONS
CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA AND INFARCTION
CHRONIC INFARCT
SMALL VESSEL ISCHEMIA
LACUNAR INFARCTS
WATERSHED INFARCTION
Chapter 21: Other Arteriopathies
CEREBRAL AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT ARTERIOPATHY WITH SUBCORTICAL INFARCTS AND LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY
FABRY’S DISEASE
MOYAMOYA
VASCULITIS
DRUG-INDUCED VASCULOPATHY
RADIATION-INDUCED VASCULOPATHY
HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Chapter 22: Venous Occlusive Disease
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL PRESENTATION
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
IMAGING
ANALYSIS
Chapter 23: Aneurysms
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
SACCULAR ANEURYSMS
DISSECTING ANEURYSMS
PARTIALLY THROMBOSED ANEURYSMS
GIANT SERPENTINE OR FUSIFORM ANEURYSMS
INFECTIOUS ANEURYSMS
HIV-RELATED ANEURYSMS
ANEURYSMS RELATED TO OTHER IMMUNE DEFICIENCIES
NEOPLASTIC ANEURYSMS
TRAUMATIC ANEURYSMS
FAMILIAL SYNDROMES WITH ANEURYSMS
ANALYSIS
Chapter 24: Vascular Malformations
ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS AND FISTULAS
DURAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAS
CAVERNOUS MALFORMATIONS
TELANGIECTASIA
DEVELOPMENTAL VENOUS ANOMALIES
ANALYSIS OF VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS
SECTION SIX: CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA
Chapter 25: Fracture and Hemorrhage
CLASSIFICATION OF HEAD INJURY
MECHANISMS OF HEAD INJURY
EXTRA-AXIAL HEMORRHAGE
PARENCHYMAL INJURY AND HEMORRHAGE
PROJECTILE AND PENETRATING INJURY
ANALYSIS
Chapter 26: Vascular Injury and Parenchymal Changes
EXTRACRANIAL VASCULAR TRAUMA
INTRACRANIAL VASCULAR TRAUMA
ACUTE PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES IN TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
CEREBRAL EDEMA
ACQUIRED CEREBRAL HERNIATIONS
POST-TRAUMATIC CEREBRAL INFARCTION
LATE SEQUELAE OF HEAD TRAUMA
BRAIN DEATH PROTOCOLS
ANALYSIS
SUMMARY
SECTION SEVEN: CYSTS AND TUMORS
Chapter 27: Intracranial Cysts and Cyst-Like Lesions
NEURENTERIC CYST
RATHKE’S CLEFT CYST
COLLOID CYST
GLIOEPENDYMAL CYST
EPENDYMAL CYST
CHOROID PLEXUS CYST
ARACHNOID CYST
PINEAL CYST
DERMOID CYST
EPIDERMOID CYST
ANALYSIS
Chapter 28: Neuroepithelial Cysts, Porencephaly, and Perivascular Spaces
NEUROEPITHELIAL CYST
PORENCEPHALY
ENLARGED PERIVASCULAR SPACE
ANALYSIS
Chapter 29: Overview of Adult Primary Neoplasms and Metastatic Disease
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CASCADE THEORY
RATE, DELAY, SURVIVAL
SCALP AND SKULL
EXTRA-AXIAL METASTASIS
INTRA-AXIAL METASTASIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF GLIOMA VERSUS METASTASIS
CHOROID PLEXUS AND VENTRICLE
SUMMARY
Chapter 30: Meningeal Neoplasms
MENINGIOMAS
MENINGIOANGIOMATOSIS
HEMATOPOIETIC AND HISTIOCYTIC NEOPLASMS OF THE MENINGES
PRIMARY MENINGEAL LYMPHOMA
PRIMARY MESENCHYMAL NEOPLASMS OF THE MENINGES
HEMANGIOPERICYTOMA
SOLITARY FIBROUS TUMOR OF THE MENINGES
PRIMARY LEPTOMENINGEAL GLIAL AND NEURONAL NEOPLASMS
PRIMARY MELANOCYTIC NEOPLASMS OF THE MENINGES
Chapter 31: Vascular and Hematopoietic Neoplasms
HEMANGIOBLASTOMA
HEMANGIOPERICYTOMA
PRIMARY CNS LYMPHOMA
INTRAVASCULAR LYMPHOMA
LEUKEMIA
PLASMACYTOMA
ANALYSIS
Chapter 32: Intra-Axial Neoplasms
PILOCYTIC ASTROCYTOMA
PILOMYXOID ASTROCYTOMA
PLEOMORPHIC XANTHOASTROCYTOMA
DIFFUSE ASTROCYTOMA
ANAPLASTIC ASTROCYTOMA
GLIOBLASTOMA
GLIOMATOSIS CEREBRI
OLIGODENDROGLIOMA AND ANAPLASTIC OLIGODENDROGLIOMA
GANGLIOGLIOMA AND GANGLIOCYTOMA
DYSPLASTIC CEREBELLAR GANGLIOCYTOMA
DYSEMBRYOPLASTIC NEUROEPITHELIAL TUMOR
PRIMARY CNS LYMPHOMA (PCNSL)
HEMANGIOBLASTOMA
ANALYSIS
Chapter 33: Sellar and Juxtasellar Tumors
PITUITARY ADENOMA
PITUITARY CARCINOMA
GRANULAR CELL TUMORS
PITUICYTOMA
CRANIOPHARYNGIOMA
METASTASIS, DIRECT TUMORAL SPREAD, AND PERINEURIAL SPREAD
LANGERHANS CELL HISTIOCYTOSIS
MENINGIOMA
HEMANGIOPERICYTOMA
SCHWANNOMA
DERMOIDS AND EPIDERMOIDS
HEMANGIOMA
HYPOTHALAMIC AND OPTIC CHIASM GLIOMAS
CHORDOID GLIOMA
GANGLIOGLIOMA
GERMINOMA
HYPOTHALAMIC HAMARTOMA
LYMPHOMA
CHORDOMA
CHONDROSARCOMA
ANALYSIS
Chapter 34: Pineal Region Masses
OVERVIEW
GERMINOMA
TERATOMA
ENDODERMAL SINUS TUMOR
EMBRYONAL CARCINOMA
CHORIOCARCINOMA
PINEOCYTOMA
PINEOBLASTOMA
PINEAL CYST
GLIAL TUMOR OF THE PINEAL REGION
PAPILLARY TUMOR OF THE PINEAL REGION
EPIDERMOID
CAVUM VELUM INTERPOSITUM
ARACHNOID CYST
MEDIAL DIVERTICULUM OF THE LATERAL VENTRICLE
AMYLOIDOMA
MENINGIOMA
ANALYSIS
Chapter 35: Posterior Fossa Intra-Axial Tumors
MEDULLOBLASTOMA
EPENDYMOMA
PILOCYTIC ASTROCYTOMA
PILOMYXOID ASTROCYTOMA
BRAIN STEM GLIOMA
ATYPICAL TERATOID/RHABDOID TUMOR
DYSPLASTIC CEREBELLAR GANGLIOCYTOMA
ANALYSIS
Chapter 36: Cerebellopontine Angle and Internal Auditory Canal Neoplasms
SCHWANNOMA
MENINGIOMA
EPIDERMOID CYST
LIPOMA
ARACHNOID CYST
NEURENTERIC CYST
CHOROID PLEXUS PAPILLOMA
EPENDYMOMA
METASTASIS
PARAGANGLIO