Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects: Clinical Ocular Toxicology E-Book , livre ebook

Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects
Seventh Edition
Frederick Fritz T. Fraunfelder, MD
Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Casey Eye Institute, Portland, OR
Frederick Rick W. Fraunfelder, MD, MBA
Professor and Chair Department of Ophthalmology, Roy E. Mason and Elizabeth Patee Mason Professor, University of Missouri - Columbia School of Medicine, Mason Eye Institute, Columbia, MO
Wiley A. Chambers, MD
Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology, Adjunct Assistant Professor of Computer Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC
Bree Jensvold-Vetsch, BS
National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health and Science University, Casey Eye Institute, Portland, OR

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Table of Contents
Cover image
Title page
Copyright
Preface
List of Contributors
Dedication
Instructions to Users
Ocular Side Effects:
Systemic Side Effects:
WHO Classification System
Part 1 Principles of therapy
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacology Principles
References and Further Reading
Part 2 Ocular drug delivery and toxicology
Topical Ocular Administration
Basic Pharmacology and Toxicology of Topical Medications
Intraocular Distribution
Preservatives
Vehicles for Topical Ocular Medication Delivery
Toxicity Responses
How to Apply Topical Ocular Medication
References and Further Reading
Part 3 Methods for evaluating drug-induced visual side effects
Risk
Selecting Diagnostic Tests
Frequency
Topical Administration
Order of Testing
Timing of Testing
Functional Tests
Objective Anatomical Methods
Number of Patients to Test
Summary
Reference
Part 4 The role of electrophysiology and psychophysics in ocular toxicology
Introduction
The Visual System
The Role of Noninvasive Electrophysiology in Drug Testing
Visual Electrophysiology in Drug Development
Complementary Tests
Ensuring Quality
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References and Further Reading
Part 5 National registry of drug-induced ocular side effects
Rationale
Objectives of the National Registry
How to Report a Suspected Reaction
References and Further Reading
Part 6 Herbal medicines and dietary supplements - an overview
Regulatory Issues and Classification
References and Further Reading
Part 7 Drug-induced ocular side effects
Section 1. Anti-infectives
Section 2. Agents affecting the CNS
Class: Anorexiants
Class: Antianxiety Agents
Class: Anticonvulsants
Class: Antidepressants
Class: Anti-Multiple Sclerosis Agents
Section 3. Analgesics, narcotic antagonists and agents used to treat arthritis
Class: Antirheumatic Agents
Class: Mild Analgesics
Class: Narcotic Antagonists
Class: Strong Analgesics
References and Further Reading
Section 4. Agents used in anesthesia
Section 5. Gastrointestinal agents
Section 6. Cardiac, vascular and renal agents
Section 7. Hormones and agents affecting hormonal mechanisms
Section 8. Agents affecting blood formation and coagulability
Section 9. Homeostatic and nutrient agents
Section 10. Agents used to treat allergic and neuromuscular disorders
Section 11. Oncolytic agents
Section 12. Heavy metal antagonist and miscellaneous agents
Section 13. Agents used in the management of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Section 14. Drugs used in ophthalmology
Class: Agents Used to Treat Glaucoma
Class: Antiviral Agents
Class: Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Class: Decongestants
Class: Miotics
Class: Mydriatics and Cycloplegics
Class: Neurotoxins
Class: Ophthalmic Dyes
Class: Ophthalmic Implants
Class: Ophthalmic Preservatives and Antiseptics
Class: Proteolytic Enzymes
Class: Topical Local Anesthetics
Class: Topical Ocular Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Class: Topical Osmotic Agents
Class: Viscoelastics
References and Further Reading
Part 8 Herbal medicine and dietary supplement-induced ocular side effects
Herbal or Supplement Names: 1. Aluminum nicotinate; 2. niacin (nicotinic acid); 3. niacinamide (nicotinamide); 4. nicotinyl alcohol.
Herbal or Supplement Name: Canthaxanthine.
Herbal or Supplement Name: Chamomile (Matricariae chamomilla).
Herbal or Supplement Name: Chrysanthemum (lice shampoo). (Fig. 8.2)
Herbal or Supplement Name: Datura.
Herbal or Supplement Name: Echinacea purpurea (Fig. 8.3).
Herbal or Supplement Name: Ginkgo biloba.
Herbal or Supplement Name: Licorice (Fig. 8.4).
Herbal or Supplement Name: Retinol (Vitamin A).
Herbal or Supplement Name: Saw palmetto.
Herbal or Supplement Name: Vitamin D. The following preparations contain vitamin D as a single entity: calcifediol, calcitriol, dihydrotachysterol (DHT), doxercalciferol, ergocalciferol (calciferol), paricalcitol.
Index of side effects
Subject index
Copyright

SAUNDERS an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
2015, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
First edition 1976
Second edition 1982
Third edition 1989
Fourth edition 1996
Fifth edition 2000
Sixth edition 2008
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).

Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-323-31984-3
e-book ISBN: 978-0-323-31985-0


Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface
This is the 7th edition of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects . The 6th edition was Clinical Ocular Toxicology . Major revisions include changing over 80% of the parts and sections with additions or significant edits. We attempted to add the probability of the adverse ocular event being due to the agent, in part, based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification system. Dr. Chambers has not taken part in the WHO classification system due to his affiliation with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and this text has no relationship to the FDA.
As with previous editions, we continue to incorporate the most recent data from the spontaneous reporting systems of the FDA (Bethesda, Maryland), WHO (Uppsala, Sweden) and the National Registry of Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects (Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon). The National Registry contains case reports from clinicians in many countries and includes the world literature in its database. Data in this book have been accumulated from numerous physicians and scientists who have suspected adverse drug reactions and reported their suspicions to the FDA, WHO or the National Registry.
This book is intended as a guide to help the busy clinician decide whether a visual problem is related to a medication. The clinician's past experience, the known natural course of the disease, the adverse effects of similarly structured compounds, and previous reports all help physicians make their decisions. Unfortunately, there have been only limited attempts to apply rigorous science to the clinical ocular toxicology of marketed products. There are many variables, and there is a paucity of research dollars available to assess cause-and-effect