Map Work , livre ebook
166
pages
English
Ebooks
2024
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166
pages
English
Ebook
2024
Obtenez un accès à la bibliothèque pour le consulter en ligne En savoir plus
Publié par
Date de parution
01 avril 2024
Nombre de lectures
0
EAN13
9781776489138
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
60 Mo
"Maps are part of daily life – from finding your way via Google Maps to monitoring the Sustainable Development Goals. Maps are frequently used to convey important information and relationships. In today’s modern world, maps are more diverse and accessible than ever before and mapwork is becoming an important skill to function effectively in society.There can be no geography without maps, and knowledge, skills and competency acquired in map work facilitate effective learning of other aspects of geography.This textbook introduces you to the fascinating world of map work. Whether you are a novice or experienced user of topographical and orthophoto maps, this book is your gateway to understanding the concepts of map work. It is structured to provide you with a solid foundation in the basic elements of maps, including scale, symbols, projections, absolute and relative location, magnetic declination, how to calculate distance and area on a map, and many more. Discover the various types of maps and understand their unique purposes and applications, and what information is presented as marginal information. Develop the skills to interpret and analyse maps effectively, and at the same time making the connections between theory and practice. Last, but not least, this textbook also introduces the basic concepts of geographical information systems (GIS)."
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Publié par
Date de parution
01 avril 2024
Nombre de lectures
0
EAN13
9781776489138
Langue
English
Poids de l'ouvrage
60 Mo
Map Work
Thea Schoeman
Map Work
Publîshed by UJ Press under the Hoopoe Press împrînt Unîversîty o Johannesburg Lîbrary Auckland Park Kîngsway Campus PO Box 524 Auckland Park 2006 https://ujpress.uj.ac.za/
Compîlatîon © Thea Schoeman 2024 Chapters © Thea Schoeman 2024
Publîshed Edîtîon © Thea Schoeman 2024
Fîrst publîshed 2024
https://doî.org/10.36615/9781776489138
978-1-7764891-2-1 (Paperback) 978-1-7764891-3-8 (PDF)
Cover desîgn: Hester Roets, UJ Graphîc Desîgn Studîo
Language edîtîng: Lauren Shapîro Typeset în 12/14pt Merrîweather
Chapter 1:
1.
2. 3. 4.
5.
Contents
The Sîze and Shape o the Earth, Maps, and Map Symbols ......
The sîze and shape o the earth ................................................................................... 1.1 The earth as a sphere .......................................................................................................... 1.2 The earth as an ellîpsoîd ................................................................................................... 1.3 The earthasageoid.................................................................................................... 1.4 Cartographîcuseothesphere,ellîpsoîd,andgeoid .........................................
Whatîsamap?..................................................................................... The purpose and unctîons o a map .......................................................................... Typesandunctîonsodîferentmaps.................................................. 4.1 Mapsclassîfiedaccordîngtoscale ......................................................................... 4.2 Mapsclassîfiedaccordîngtofunction .................................................................. Mapsymbols......................................................................................
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
Whatîsamapsymbol? ............................................................................................
Conventîonalandunconventîonalmapsymbols .............................................. Qualîtatîveandquantîtatîvemapsymbols ......................................................... Poînt,lîne,andareasymbols .................................................................................
Unîormandvarîablemapsymbols .....................................................................
SouthArîcanmapsymbols ....................................................................................
Chapter 2: Map Projectîons, Margînal Inormatîon, and Magnetîc Declînatîon ...............................................................
1.
2.
Map projectîons ................................................................................................................ 1.1 Conormalmapping ................................................................................................. 1.2 Equal-areamapping ............................................................................................... 1.3 Equîdîstancemapping ............................................................................................. 1.4 Azîmuthalmapping .................................................................................................
1.5 Projectîonfamilies ................................................................................................... Margînalinformation......................................................................... 2.1 Serîesname................................................................................................................... 2.2 Geographîcalco-ordinates ..................................................................................... 2.3 Tîtleoamap(sheetnameorindex) ................................................................... 2.4 Mapscale ....................................................................................................................
1
1 1 2 3 4 4 5 6 6 6 9 9 9 9 10 11 11
13
13 14 14 15 15 15 17 17 18 18 19
3.
2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9
Sourcematerîalanddateopublication .............................................................. Dateoprîntîng,publîsher,andcopyrîght .................................................................
Cadastralinformation .............................................................................................
Declînatîondiagram ................................................................................................
Projectîon anddatum..............................................................................................
2.10 Contourîntervalandheîghtabovesealevel........................................................ Truenorth,magnetîcnorth,andmagnetîcdeclination......................... 3.1 Whatîstruenorth? ................................................................................................... 3.2 Whatîsmagnetîcnorth? ......................................................................................... 3.3 Magnetîcdeclination ............................................................................................... 3.4 Calculatîng magnetîc declînatîon (MD) .....................................................................
Chapter 3: Geographîcal Co-ordînates, Absolute and Relatîve Locatîon ......................................................................................
1.
2.
3.
Geographîcalco-ordinates.................................................................. 1.1 Whatîsalîneolatitude? ....................................................................................... 1.2 Whatîsalîneolongitude? .................................................................................... 1.3 Whatîsageographîcalco-ordinate? ................................................................... Absolutelocation................................................................................ 2.1 Calculatîngtheabsolutelocatîonoafeature .................................................... 2.2 Calculatîngtheeaturelocatedataspecîficlocatîon ........................................... Relatîvelocatîon:dîrectîonandbearing...............................................
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4
Descrîbîngrelatîvelocatîonîntermsocompassdirections ...........................
Descrîbîngrelatîvelocatîonîntermsobearing ................................................
Measurîngtruebearîng ....................................................................................................
Calculatîngmagnetîcbearing ................................................................................
Chapter 4: Map Scale, Dîstance, and Area ....................................................................
1.
2.
3.
Scales o measurement ................................................................................................... 1.1 Nomînalscale............................................................................................................ 1.2 Ordînalscale..............................................................................................................
1.3 Intervalscale............................................................................................................. 1.4 Ratîoscale.................................................................................................................. Mapscale...........................................................................................
2.1 Typesoscale............................................................................................................. 2.2 Changîngmapscale................................................................................................. Conversîonoonetypeoscaletoanother...........................................
19 20 20 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 24
27
27 27 29 30 30 31 34 35 36 38 39 40
43
43 43 43 44 44 44 45 45 46
4. 5.
3.1 Convertîngrom aword scaleto aratîoscale.................................................... 3.2 Convertîngromaratîoscaletoawordscale ......................................................... Calculatîngdîstanceonamap................................................................ Calculatîngareaonamap......................................................................
Chapter 5: Relîe And Contour Lînes ...............................................................................
1. 2.
3.
4.
Whatîsrelief?.................................................................................... Representatîonorelief ....................................................................... 2.1 Qualîtatîverepresentation ...................................................................................... 2.2 Quantîtatîverepresentation ................................................................................... Contours .............................................................................................................................. 3.1 Contourtypes ............................................................................................................. 3.2 Characterîstîcs ....................................................................................................................... Gradîent ...............................................................................................................................
Chapter 6: Slopes, Landorms, and Cross-Sectîons ..................................
1. 2.
3.
4.
Slopes .................................................................................................................................... Landormsîndîcatedbycontours......................................................... 2.1 Hîll .............................................................................................................................................. 2.2 Butte .......................................................................................................................................... 2.3 Mesa .......................................................................................................................................... 2.4 Valleyandspur............................................................................................................. 2.5 Waterall .................................................................................................................................. 2.6 Saddleorneck............................................................................................................... 2.7 Pass ............................................................................................................................................ 2.8 Poortorgap..................................................................................................................... 2.9 Cuesta ........................................................................................................................................ 2.10 Escarpment ............................................................................................................................. 2.11 Slopeelements .......................................................................................................... 2.12 Watershed ............................................................................................................................... 2.13 Stagesoariver ......................................................................................................... 2.14 Coastalfeatures ........................................................................................................ Cross-section..................................................................................... 3.1 Constructîngacross-section .................................................................................. 3.2 Vertîcalexaggeration ............................................................................................... Intervîsîbîlîty .....................................................................................................................
46 47 47 50
55
55 55 55 58 60 60 62 63
67
67 68 69 69 69 70 70 71 71 72 72 72 73 74 74 75 76 76 80 82
Chapter 7: Long Proîle, Draînage Patterns, and Stream Order ......................
1. 2.
3. 4. 5.
Longproîle....................................................................................... Draînagepattern................................................................................ 2.1 Dendrîtîc .................................................................................................................................. 2.2 Rectangular ............................................................................................................................ 2.3 Trellîs ......................................................................................................................................... 2.4 Radîal ........................................................................................................................................ 2.5 Parallel ..................................................................................................................................... 2.6 Deranged ................................................................................................................................. Dîrectîonoow................................................................................... Draînagedensity................................................................................ Streamorder......................................................................................
Chapter 8: Remote Sensîng ...................................................................................................
1. 2. 3. 4.
5.
6. 7. 8.
85
85 86 86 86 87 87 88 89 89 90 90
93
Introductîon ....................................................................................................................... 93 Whatîsremotesensing?..................................................................... 93 Aerîalphotographyasatypeoremotesensing................................... 94 Howîsremotesensîngdone?.............................................................. 94 4.1 Vertîcalaerîal94photography .................................................................................... 4.2 Satellîte96imagery ....................................................................................................... 4.3 Remote-controlledmodel96aircraft ........................................................................ 4.4 LîDAR ........................................................................................................................................ 97 Typesoaerîalphotographs................................................................ 98 5.1 Horîzontal(terrestrîal)photographs ................................................................... 98 5.2 Oblîqueaerîal98photographs .................................................................................... 5.3 Vertîcalaerîalphotographs .................................................................................... 100 5.4 Orthophotomaps......................................................................................................... 101 Calculatîonotheheîghtotheplaneabovetheground........................ 104 Calculatîngthescaleoanaerîalphotograph....................................... 105 Identîyîngeaturesonanorthophotomap............................................ 107 8.1 Colourandshadeocolour ..................................................................................... 107 8.2 Shape ......................................................................................................................................... 108 8.3 Sîze ............................................................................................................................................. 109 8.4109Location ..................................................................................................................... 8.5 Assocîated109features ................................................................................................... 8.6 Texture ...................................................................................................................................... 110
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