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University of South Carolina Press - Erica Danylchak , James R. Cothran

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219 pages

English

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Growing urban populations prompted major changes in graveyard location, design, and use

During the Industrial Revolution people flocked to American cities. Overcrowding in these areas led to packed urban graveyards that were not only unsightly, but were also a source of public health fears. The solution was a revolutionary new type of American burial ground located in the countryside just beyond the city. This rural cemetery movement, which featured beautifully landscaped grounds and sculptural monuments, is documented by James R. Cothran and Erica Danylchak in Grave Landscapes: The Nineteenth-Century Rural Cemetery Movement.

The movement began in Boston, where a group of reformers that included members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society were grappling with the city's mounting burial crisis. Inspired by the naturalistic garden style and melancholy-infused commemorative landscapes that had emerged in Europe, the group established a burial ground outside of Boston on an expansive tract of undulating, wooded land and added meandering roadways, picturesque ponds, ornamental trees and shrubs, and consoling memorials. They named it Mount Auburn and officially dedicated it as a rural cemetery.

This groundbreaking endeavor set a powerful precedent that prompted the creation of similarly landscaped rural cemeteries outside of growing cities first in the Northeast, then in the Midwest and South, and later in the West. These burial landscapes became a cultural phenomenon attracting not only mourners seeking solace, but also urbanites seeking relief from the frenetic confines of the city. Rural cemeteries predated America's public parks, and their popularity as picturesque retreats helped propel America's public parks movement.

This beautifully illustrated volume features more than 150 historic photographs, stereographs, postcards, engravings, maps, and contemporary images that illuminate the inspiration for rural cemeteries, their physical evolution, and the nature of the landscapes they inspired. Extended profiles of twenty-four rural cemeteries reveal the cursive design features of this distinctive landscape type prior to the American Civil War and its evolution afterward. Grave Landscapes details rural cemetery design characteristics to facilitate their identification and preservation and places rural cemeteries into the broader context of American landscape design to encourage appreciation of their broader influence on the design of public spaces.

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Publié par	University of South Carolina Press
Date de parution	31 janvier 2018
Nombre de lectures	1
EAN13	9781611177992
Langue	English
Poids de l'ouvrage	55 Mo

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GRAVE LANDSCAPES
Grave Landscapes
THE NINETEENTH - CENTURY RURAL CEMETERY MOVEMENT
James R. Cothran and Erica Danylchak

THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA PRESS
2018 University of South Carolina
Published by the University of South Carolina Press
Columbia, South Carolina 29208
www.sc.edu/uscpress
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data can be found at http://catalog.loc.gov/
ISBN: 978-1-61117-789-5 (cloth)
ISBN: 978-1-61117-799-2 (ebook)
Previous: 1878 bird s-eye view of Graceland Cemetery. The southern part of the site is pictured at right. Green Bay Road runs along the western boundary of the cemetery. Published by Charles Rascher, Chicago History Museum, ICHi-27725.
FRONT COVER ILLUSTRATION: Cherry All e, Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn, New York, founded 1838, photograph by Maureen Guido, https://www.flickr.com/photos/26154094@N03/ , mguido9@yahoo.com
To students of historic landscapes and their teachers
CONTENTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PREFACE
CHAPTER 1 . A Brief History of Common Burial Landscapes Prior to the Nineteenth Century
CHAPTER 2 . Changing Attitudes toward Nature and Death
CHAPTER 3 . The Rural Cemetery Movement
CHAPTER 4 . Physical and Design Characteristics of Rural Cemeteries
CHAPTER 5 . Plants in Rural Cemeteries
CHAPTER 6 . Symbolism in Rural Cemeteries
CHAPTER 7 . Impact of Rural Cemeteries on the American Landscape and the Profession of Landscape Architecture
APPENDIX A. Biographical Sketches
APPENDIX B. Brief Profiles of Representative Rural Cemeteries
APPENDIX C. Select Rural Cemeteries by Name, Date, and State
NOTES
BIBLIOGRAPHIC ESSAY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
INDEX
ILLUSTRATIONS
1. Tomb ruins along the Appian Way
2. Road leading to the cemetery, Scutari, Constantinople, Turkey
3. Chester Cathedral with its graveyard, Chester, Cheshire, England
4. Old Swedes (Gloria Dei Church) with its crowded churchyard, Philadelphia
5. The Granary Burial Ground, Boston
6. Death s-head motif on a headstone
7. Skull-and-crossbones motif on a headstone
8. Winged-angel motif on a headstone
9. Pastoral Landscape: The Roman Campagna , Claude Lorrain
10. Veue du chasteau de Versailles (View of Versailles, garden fa ade), France
11. Ionic Temple at Chiswick, outside London, England
12. Temple of Ancient Virtue, Stowe, Buckinghamshire, England
13. Congreve s monument, Stowe, Buckinghamshire, England
14. Hawksmoor s mausoleum, Castle Howard, Yorkshire, England
15. Bowood House and Gardens, Wiltshire, England
16. Alnwick Castle, Northumberland, England
17. Plate No. 104 from Liber Veritatis after the Original Designs of Claude Le Lorrain
18. Landscape with an Antique Tomb and Two Wayfarers , Salomon Gessner
19. The Isle of Poplars, Ermenonville, France
20. New Year s: guarding against the dangers of the wilderness (1681), and of civilization (1881), by Thomas Nast
21. Tomb of George Washington, Mount Vernon
22. Bunker Hill Monument, Boston
23. Holy Innocents Cemetery, Paris
24. Funeral procession, Cemetery of P re Lachaise, Paris
25. Cemetery procession, Cemetery of P re Lachaise, Paris
26. Copp s Hill Burying Ground, Boston
27. Consecration Dell at Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge
28. Map of Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge
29. View of Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge
30. Samuel Appleton family lot at Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge
31. Egyptian Revival Gateway to Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge
32. Detail of Egyptian Revival Gate at Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge
33. Washington Tower at Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge
34. Bigelow Chapel at Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge
35. Bowditch Monument at Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge
36. American Sphinx (1872) at Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge
37. Pilgrim Path at Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge
38. Battle Hill at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn
39. Plan and scenes from Tarrytown Cemetery at Sleepy Hollow, West-Chester County
40. New Egyptian Revival Gateway to the Granary Burial Ground, Boston
41. Grand Army of the Republic Fort at Mount Hope Cemetery, Bangor
42. Winding drive at Mount Hope Cemetery, Bangor
43. Ground Plan of Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia
44. Entrance to Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia
45. View of Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia
46. Map of Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn
47. Monument to Miss Charlotte Canda at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn
48. Silver Lake at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn
49. Green-Wood s grand Gothic Arch, Brooklyn
50. Entrance to Green Mount Cemetery, Baltimore
51. Monuments at Green Mount Cemetery, Baltimore
52. View of Rochester, New York, from Mount Hope Cemetery
53. Gazebo at Mount Hope Cemetery, Rochester
54. Entrance to Mount Hope Cemetery, Rochester
55. Ocmulgee River from Rose Hill Cemetery, Macon
56. Visitors Spring at Rose Hill Cemetery, Macon
57. Brick terraces at Rose Hill Cemetery, Macon
58. Curvilinear roadway at Allegheny Cemetery, Pittsburgh
59. Butler Street entrance to Allegheny Cemetery, Pittsburgh
60. Plan of Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond
61. Soldiers Monument at Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond
62. Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond, Virginia-Decorating the Graves of the Rebel Soldiers, Richmond
63. Monument of Jefferson Davis at Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond
64. Map of Cave Hill Cemetery, Louisville
65. Baxter Avenue entrance to Cave Hill Cemetery, Louisville
66. Lake at Cave Hill Cemetery, Louisville
67. Monuments and rock outcropping at Forest Hills Cemetery, Boston
68. Death and the Sculptor at Forest Hills Cemetery, Boston
69. Map of Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis
70. Driveway in Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis
71. Wainwright Tomb at Bellefontaine Cemetery, St. Louis
72. Avenues at Bonaventure Cemetery, Savannah
73. Visitors at Bonaventure Cemetery, Savannah
74. The Rural Landscape of the Cemetery of the Evergreens, Brooklyn
75. Grounds at the Evergreens Cemetery, Brooklyn
76. Dedication of the Actors Monument in the Cemetery of the Evergreens, Brooklyn
77. Landscape with monuments at Forest Home Cemetery, Milwaukee
78. Rockwork fountain at Forest Home Cemetery, Milwaukee
79. Chapel at Forest Home Cemetery, Milwaukee
80. Plan of Magnolia Cemetery, Charleston
81. Live oak at Magnolia Cemetery, Charleston
82. Confederate Monument at Magnolia Cemetery, Charleston
83. Map of Evergreen Cemetery, Portland
84. Pond at Evergreen Cemetery, Portland
85. Chapel at Oakwood Cemetery, Syracuse
86. Office building at Oakwood Cemetery, Syracuse
87. Winding drives and monuments at Mountain View Cemetery, Oakland
88. Landscape with monuments at Mountain View Cemetery, Oakland
89. Bird s-eye view of Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati
90. Mirror Lake and Chapel at Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati
91. Map of Spring Grove Cemetery , Cincinnati
92. The Lake at Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati
93. Bird s-eye view of Graceland Cemetery, Chicago
94. Lake Willowmere at Graceland Cemetery, Chicago
95. Getty Tomb at Graceland Cemetery, Chicago
96. Monument to Benjamin Harrison at Crown Hill Cemetery, Indianapolis
97. Chapel and vault at Crown Hill Cemetery, Indianapolis
98. Waiting station and gateway at Crown Hill Cemetery, Indianapolis
99. Map of the Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx
100. Landscape with monuments at Woodlawn Cemetery, Bronx
101. Plan of Section XV of Cedar Hill Cemetery, Hartford
102. Gallup Memorial Gateway to Cedar Hill Cemetery, Hartford
103. Landscape lawn at Cedar Hill Cemetery, Hartford
104. Twentieth-century landscape at Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge
105. Aerial view of Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia
106. Entrance and rural landscape at Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia
107. Richmond, Virginia, from Hollywood Cemetery
108. Landscape scene at Elmwood Cemetery, Detroit
109. Lake and bridge at Forest Lawn Cemetery, Buffalo
110. Landscape with hillside monuments at Oak Hill Cemetery, Washington, D.C.
111. Avenue sign at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn
112. Road at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord
113. South Avenue Entrance at Mount Hope Cemetery, Rochester
114. Main gate at Forest Hills Cemetery, Boston
115. Chapel at Oak Hill Cemetery, Washington, D.C.
116. Pierrepont family monument at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn
117. Central section J at Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia
118. Mausoleums at the Evergreens Cemetery, Brooklyn
119. Mausoleum at Forest Hills Cemetery, Boston
120. Iron fencing, from Green-Wood Illustrated
121. Family plot at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn
122. The Seaman s Grounds at the Evergreens Cemetery, Brooklyn
123. Live oaks at Bonaventure Cemetery, Savannah
124. Lake and monuments at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn
125. Oaken Bluff at Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn
126. Bird s-eye view of Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn
127. Weeping willow tree at Forest Home Cemetery, Milwaukee
128. Entrance to Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond
129. Azaleas draping a monument and fencing
130. Trees framing Bigelow Chapel at Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge
131. Red cedar at Rose Hill Cemetery, Macon
132. Live oak at Magnolia Cemetery, Charleston
133. Entrance to Oakwood Cemetery, Syracuse
134. Forest Hills Cemetery receiving tomb and gardenesque plantings, Boston
135. Willow-and-urn motif on a headstone at Magnolia Cemetery, Charleston
136. Monuments topped by draped urns at Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia
137. Pyramidal mausoleum at Magnolia Cemetery, Charleston
138. Obelisks at Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia
139. Memorial with seated angel at Hollywood Cemetery, Richmond
140. Monument featuring an angel with trumpet at Laurel Hill Cemetery, Philadelphia
141. Monument depicting a tree with limbs cut short at Allegheny Cemetery, Pittsburgh
142. Monuments with botanical motifs at Forest Hills Cemetery, Boston
143. Monument wi