X-ray standing waves analyses at solid-liquid interfaces [Elektronische Ressource] / Martin Brücher

X-ray Standing Waves Analysesat Solid/Liquid InterfacesDissertationat the Department of PhysicsTechnische Universit at DortmundMartin Bruc her2010Contents1 Introduction 51.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.2 Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Theoretical Background 82.1 Charged Solid/Liquid Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.1.1 Ion Distribution Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.1.2 The Poisson-Boltzmann Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.1.3 The Interfacial Charge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.2 Streaming Current Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.2.1 Titration Reactions at Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.3 Principles of X-ray Standing Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.3.1 X-ray Fluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.3.2 Re ection and Refraction of X-rays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152.3.3 The X-ray Standing Waves Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192.3.4 Excitation of Marker Fluorescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222.3.5 Simulation of Fluorescence Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.3.6 Vertical Limitation of the XSW Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.4 Infrared Spectroscopic Ellipsometry . . . . . . . . . .