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23
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1997
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Arts asiatiques - Année 1997 - Volume 52 - Numéro 1 - Pages 60-80A l'époque gupta apparaissent à Mathura des représentations de Visnu à trois têtes, une tête de lion et une autre de sanglier encadrant un visage « humain ». Ces images furent tout d'abord identifiées comme des représentations de Vaikuntha, forme créatrice de Visnu à quatre têtes décrite dans le Visnudharmottara-Purana où les têtes supplémentaires de Visnu correspondent aux émanations surgissant d'une divinité cosmogonique. Il y a quelques années, cette identification fut remise en question et l'on reconnut dans les Visnu à trois têtes une représentation de Visnu encadrée par les têtes de ses deux avatara les plus anciens et les plus importants, l'avatara du sanglier et celui du lion. Or Krsna dont les figures apparaissent avant celles du lion et du sanglier, et dont le culte pourrait être originaire de la région de Mathura, était dans la Mathura d'époque gupta l'avatâra principal de Visnu. On s'attendrait donc à ce qu'il soit lui aussi représenté sur ces images à plusieurs têtes et, peut-être, correspond-il en réalité à la divinité centrale de ces représentations. En effet, les figures gupta de Visnu, ce dieu à quatre bras tenant massue, disque et conque représenté au centre des « Vaikuntha », dérivent directement des représentations kouchanes de Krsna qui sont celles d'une divinité à quatre bras tenant massue, disque et conque. Le visage humain des « Vaikuntha » pourrait être celui de Krsna, l'avatara dit humain (manusya) de Visnu, ou plutôt pourrait être une de ces images où Visnu et Krsna se confondent. Comme d'autres représentations gupta, ces figures me semblent en effet témoigner de l'ambiguïté des relations de ces deux divinités à partir du IVe siècle où apparaissent les images de Visnu et où l'iconographie de Krsna connaît de très importantes modifications. Le pouvoir créateur anciennement attribué à Krsna permet d'ailleurs de mieux comprendre pourquoi l'on en vient dans le Visnudharmottara-Purana à confondre les émanations créatrices naissant de Vasudeva-Krsna et les incarnations de Visnu.
During the gupta age some sculptures of a three-headed form of Visnu appeared in Mathura : Visnu is represented with one human head flanked by the muzzle of a lion and the snout of a boar. These images were first identified as being representations of Vaikuntha, a four-headed form of Visnu described in the Visnudharmottara-Purana, where the supplementary heads of the god symbolize the emanations springing up from the cosmogonie deity. This identification was questioned a few years ago and the so-called Vaikunthas were then recognized as being images of Visnu flanked by the heads of two of his avatara, the lion and the boar which are among the most ancient and important ones. Now, the thing is that Krsna's figures appeared before the boar and the lion ones, especially in the Mathura region in which his cult could have originated. The principal avatara of Visnu in the gupta Mathura should then logically be Krsna. Thus he should also figure on this multi-headed form of Visnu. In fact he may be the central human sculpture. The gupta images of Visnu are indeed directly derived from the kusana representations of Krsna, at that time a four-armed divinity who holds a mace, a discus and a conch. The human part of the Vaikuntha, could represent Krsna, the human (manusya) avatara of Visnu, or rather could be a representation where Krsna and Visnu are merged in each other.
I think that, like other gupta representations, these figures highlight the ambiguity of the bond between Krsna and Visnu, from the IVth century when the iconography of Krsna was modified because of the apparition of Visnu's cult figures. The creative power which was attributed from very ancient times to Vasudeva-Krsna could also explain why in a text like the Visnudharmottara-Purana the creative emanations coming from Vasudeva-Krsna and the avatara of Visnu are mistaken ones for the others.
21 pages
Source : Persée ; Ministère de la jeunesse, de l’éducation nationale et de la recherche, Direction de l’enseignement supérieur, Sous-direction des bibliothèques et de la documentation.
During the gupta age some sculptures of a three-headed form of Visnu appeared in Mathura : Visnu is represented with one human head flanked by the muzzle of a lion and the snout of a boar. These images were first identified as being representations of Vaikuntha, a four-headed form of Visnu described in the Visnudharmottara-Purana, where the supplementary heads of the god symbolize the emanations springing up from the cosmogonie deity. This identification was questioned a few years ago and the so-called Vaikunthas were then recognized as being images of Visnu flanked by the heads of two of his avatara, the lion and the boar which are among the most ancient and important ones. Now, the thing is that Krsna's figures appeared before the boar and the lion ones, especially in the Mathura region in which his cult could have originated. The principal avatara of Visnu in the gupta Mathura should then logically be Krsna. Thus he should also figure on this multi-headed form of Visnu. In fact he may be the central human sculpture. The gupta images of Visnu are indeed directly derived from the kusana representations of Krsna, at that time a four-armed divinity who holds a mace, a discus and a conch. The human part of the Vaikuntha, could represent Krsna, the human (manusya) avatara of Visnu, or rather could be a representation where Krsna and Visnu are merged in each other.
I think that, like other gupta representations, these figures highlight the ambiguity of the bond between Krsna and Visnu, from the IVth century when the iconography of Krsna was modified because of the apparition of Visnu's cult figures. The creative power which was attributed from very ancient times to Vasudeva-Krsna could also explain why in a text like the Visnudharmottara-Purana the creative emanations coming from Vasudeva-Krsna and the avatara of Visnu are mistaken ones for the others.
21 pages
Source : Persée ; Ministère de la jeunesse, de l’éducation nationale et de la recherche, Direction de l’enseignement supérieur, Sous-direction des bibliothèques et de la documentation.
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Publié par
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Publié le
01 janvier 1997
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Langue
Français
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Poids de l'ouvrage
3 Mo