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12
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Français
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Documents
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1982
Description
Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris - Année 1982 - Volume 9 - Numéro 4 - Pages 257-265L'homme, volontairement, tatoué, scarifié, perforé, déformé, étiré, amputé lui-même son propre corps. Ces altérations définitives appelées « mutilations » sont universelles. Toutes les parties du corps sont concernées par cet Art. Apparues au Paléolithique supérieur avec le tatouage-scarification, les amputations de doigts, l'exaltation de la silhouette gynoïde de la femme, les mutilations sont le corollaire de la pensée métaphysique exprimée au Moustérien avec l'ensevelissement des morts. Les autres mutilations sont observées depuis l'Epipaléolithique comme les mutilations dentaires, au Néolithique avec les larges trépanations crâniennes, mais surtout aux époques protohistoriques et historiques jusqu'à nos jours inclus. A l'origine, chaque mutilation dépend de mythes et/ou de tabous, différents d'une époque, d'une civilisation, d'un continent à l'autre. Elle peut correspondre au don de la vie, ou participer au don du sang. Les sociétés archaïques en font un rite de passage. La motivation originelle est généralement mal connue, mais chaque mutilation peut continuer à servir cet art et représente de nos jours un caractère culturel, social, religieux concrétisé à la longue par la mode, les usages, les croyances, les coutumes. Disparue ici, une mutilation peut réapparaître ailleurs à une autre époque, spontanément, sans lier, historique connu malgré les recherches. Toutes les sciences humaines sont au service de celles-ci. Un autre trait commun, en dehors d'une origine mythique, est l'évolution vers l'exagération, comme la simple perforation labiale conduisant à la « lèvre à plateau », la clitori- dectomie légère à Tinfibulation du sexe féminin, le pied élégant au « petit pied » de la femme chinoise, le collier haut au « cou de girafe » de la femme Padaoung. En effet, les mutilations les plus spectaculaires sont observées chez la femme ; la plus cruelle, car elle supprime une fonction, est réservée à l'homme avec la castration. A en juger avec l'extension africaine de la circoncision féminine et des tatouages dans toutes les sociétés modernes, les « mutilations » ont encore de l'avenir devant elles.
Man has voluntarily tatooed, scarified, drilled, deformed, stretched and otherwise mutilated his own body. These permanent alterations called « mutilations » are found in all parts of the world. All parts of the human body have at one time or another been concerned by this Art. The practice of tatooing appeared at the superior Paleolithic age, along with the amputation of fingers, the emphasis put on the gynoid outline of the female body, and all these mutilations are thought to be corollaries of man's metaphysical thought that found its expression in the Mousterian age when man started burying his dead. Since the Epipaleolithic age other mutilations have appeared such as dental mutilations, or large skull trepanning in the Neolithic period. But many of these mutilations appeared in the prehistoric and historic ages and are still performed to day. At the beginning each mutilation had its origin in myths and/or taboos that were different from one age to another or from one civilisation or one continent to another. A mutilation practice may be linked to the ability to give birth or be part of a blood ritual. In some archaic societies these practices are part of a rite of passage. Sometimes the reasons why these mutilations were performed have been forgotten or are not well known. However, they go on being performed for cultural, social or religious purposes and eventually become customs or correspond to beliefs. A mutilation may disappear in one place, only to reappear in another at another age without any historical link whatsoever, in spite of researches made in that direction. Apart from having a mythical origin, all mutilations have another common feature : that of being exaggerated as time goes on. From a mere perforation of the lip to the placement of a disc in the lower lip. From the limited clitoridectomy or removal of the clitoris to the cutting out, or sewing (infibulation) of the vulva. From the custom of praising small feet in women to the « small foot » of the Chinese woman. From the wearing of high necklaces to the « girafe's neck » of the Padaoung women. The most striking mutilations are those performed on women. The most crual, because it suppresses a body function, is the cutting out or removal of the male genitals or « castration ». Judging from the fact that tatooing has become in recent years more and more fashionable in modern societies and considering that a practice such as the female circumcision or clitoridectomy. is widely spread and still spreading in Africa, we may predict that man will probably go on mutilating himself in some way or other for quite a long time still.
9 pages
Source : Persée ; Ministère de la jeunesse, de l’éducation nationale et de la recherche, Direction de l’enseignement supérieur, Sous-direction des bibliothèques et de la documentation.
Man has voluntarily tatooed, scarified, drilled, deformed, stretched and otherwise mutilated his own body. These permanent alterations called « mutilations » are found in all parts of the world. All parts of the human body have at one time or another been concerned by this Art. The practice of tatooing appeared at the superior Paleolithic age, along with the amputation of fingers, the emphasis put on the gynoid outline of the female body, and all these mutilations are thought to be corollaries of man's metaphysical thought that found its expression in the Mousterian age when man started burying his dead. Since the Epipaleolithic age other mutilations have appeared such as dental mutilations, or large skull trepanning in the Neolithic period. But many of these mutilations appeared in the prehistoric and historic ages and are still performed to day. At the beginning each mutilation had its origin in myths and/or taboos that were different from one age to another or from one civilisation or one continent to another. A mutilation practice may be linked to the ability to give birth or be part of a blood ritual. In some archaic societies these practices are part of a rite of passage. Sometimes the reasons why these mutilations were performed have been forgotten or are not well known. However, they go on being performed for cultural, social or religious purposes and eventually become customs or correspond to beliefs. A mutilation may disappear in one place, only to reappear in another at another age without any historical link whatsoever, in spite of researches made in that direction. Apart from having a mythical origin, all mutilations have another common feature : that of being exaggerated as time goes on. From a mere perforation of the lip to the placement of a disc in the lower lip. From the limited clitoridectomy or removal of the clitoris to the cutting out, or sewing (infibulation) of the vulva. From the custom of praising small feet in women to the « small foot » of the Chinese woman. From the wearing of high necklaces to the « girafe's neck » of the Padaoung women. The most striking mutilations are those performed on women. The most crual, because it suppresses a body function, is the cutting out or removal of the male genitals or « castration ». Judging from the fact that tatooing has become in recent years more and more fashionable in modern societies and considering that a practice such as the female circumcision or clitoridectomy. is widely spread and still spreading in Africa, we may predict that man will probably go on mutilating himself in some way or other for quite a long time still.
9 pages
Source : Persée ; Ministère de la jeunesse, de l’éducation nationale et de la recherche, Direction de l’enseignement supérieur, Sous-direction des bibliothèques et de la documentation.
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Publié par
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Publié le
01 janvier 1982
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Langue
Français