Reticulate evolution in glacial refuge areas [Elektronische Ressource] : the genus Arabidopsis in the eastern Austrian Danube Valley (Wachau) / Roswitha Elisabeth Schmickl

Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Bio Sciences of the Ruperto-Carola University of Heidelberg, Germany for the degree of Doctor of Natural Sciences Diplom-Biologin Roswitha Elisabeth Schmickl born in Heilbronn-Neckargartach, Germany Oral examination: 09.11.2009 Reticulate evolution in glacial refuge areas – the genus Arabidopsis in the eastern Austrian Danube Valley (Wachau) For my father Referees: Prof. Dr. Marcus Koch Prof. Dr. Hans-Peter Comes 2TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. AN AMPHI-BERINGIAN ALLOPOLYPLOID ARABIDOPSIS AND THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE ARABIDOPSIS LYRATA COMPLEX 8 1.1. INTRODUCTION 10 1.2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 12 1.2.1. PLANT MATERIAL 12 1.2.2. DNA ISOLATION, AMPLIFICATION AND SEQUENCING 14 1.2.3. PLASTIDIC TRNL/F AND NUCLEAR ITS SEQUENCE DEFINITION AND MAP RECONSTRUCTION 15 1.2.4. NETWORK ANALYSES AND GENETIC DIVERSITY STATISTICS 15 1.2.5. PRIMER DESIGN FOR THE NUCLEAR MARKER PGIC 16 1.3. RESULTS 18 1.3.1. CHLOROPLAST SEQUENCE DATA INDICATE THREE MAIN GENETIC LINEAGES: E URASIA, NORTH AMERICA, AND THE AMPHI-PACIFIC REGION 20 1.3.2. CYTOSOLIC PHOSPHOGLUCOSE ISOMERASE PROOVES MULTIPLE HYBRID ORIGIN OF AMPHI-PACIFIC ARABIDOPSIS KAMCHATICA 23 1.3.3.