Quantitative measurements of force distribution in single and multi cellular systems [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Jens Ulmer

INAUGURAL - DISSERTATIONzurErlangung der Doktorwurde¨derNaturwissenschaftlich - Mathematischen Gesamtfakult¨atderRuprecht - Karls - Universit¨at Heidelbergvorgelegt vonDipl.-Chem. Jens Ulmeraus MutlangenTag der mundlichen¨ Pru¨fung: 11. Juli 2005Quantitative Measurementsof Force Distribution inSingle and MultiCellular SystemsGutachter: Prof. Dr. Joachim P. SpatzProf. Dr. Benjamin Geigerf¨ur meine ElternJuana und Erich4ContentsI Actual state of knowledge 131 General view 151.1 Physicalstateofcelularenvironmentdeterminescels’fate........... 151.2 Environmentalgeometrycontrolscelulargrowth............. 17II Development of force sensors 192 Introduction 213Theory 233.1 Forcemeasurementinbiologicalsystems...................... 233.1.1 Techniquesusedtomeasureforcesinbiology........... 234 Photolithography for FSA formation 294.1 Methodsusedforstandardphotolithography ................... 294.2 Limitationsinphotolithography................... 304.2.1 Shadowprintinglithography .................... 304.2.2 Projectionprintinglithography....................... 315 Superhydrophobic properties of pillar arrays 336 Materials and Methods 376.1 MoldFabrication................................... 376.2 CastingPDMS.................... 386.3 Contactanglemeasurements ............................ 396.4 Calibrationandimageanalysis............... 407Results 437.1 Dimensions...................................... 437.2 Calibration...................... 447.