Nano-friction at high speeds via atomic force microscopy [Elektronische Ressource] / vorgelegt von Fengzhen Zhang

Nano-friction at high speedsvia Atomic Force MicroscopyDissertationzur Erlangung des Doktorgrades Dr. rer. nat.der Fakulta¨t fu¨r Naturwissenschaftender Universita¨t Ulmvorgelegt vonFengzhen Zhangaus Feicheng, V. R. China¨Institut fur Experimentelle PhysikUniversit¨at Ulm2010Amtierender Dekan:Prof. Dr. Axel GroßGutachter:1. Prof. Dr. sc. nat. ETH Zu¨rich Othmar Marti2. Prof. Dr. Martin PietrallaTag der Promotion: 11 October, 2010NO PAINS, NO GAINS.If little labour, little are our gains:Man’s fortunes are according to his pains.Robert HerrickContentsContents iList of Figures vList of Tables ix1 Introduction 12 Scanning Force Microscopy 32.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.2 Mechanism of Atomic Force Microscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2.1 Force mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.2.2 Experimental setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.2.3 Operation modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.3 Force calibration methods in AFM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.1 Normal force calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.3.2 Lateral force calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 From macrotribology to nanotribology 133.1 A short review of the history of macrotribology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.2 Nanotribology . . . . . . . . . .