MRI studies of Gadolinium based contrast agents loaded nanocapsules and iron loaded nanoparticles in chemical and biological environment [Elektronische Ressource] / presented by Sonu Sharma

University of Ulm Department of Inner Medicine II Medical Director: Prof. Dr. Vinzenz Hombach MRI studies of Gadolinium based Contrast Agents loaded Nanocapsules and Iron loaded Nanoparticles in Chemical and Biological environment Dissertation Submitted to the Medical Faculty of the University of Ulm for the degree of Doctor of human biology Presented by Sonu Sharma, born in Rajasthan, India 2009 Dean of the Faculty: Prof. Dr. Klaus-Michael Debatin st1 Reviewer: Prof. Dr. rer. nat. Volker Rasche nd2 Reviewer: Prof. Dr. Katharina Landfester Day of grant of Doctorate: 13.11.09 ii Dedicated to my Parents iii Contents List of frequently used symbols vi vii List of abbrevations 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Basics of MRI ……………………………………………………………. 1 1.2 Relaxation ……………... 8 1.3 Spin Echo Experiment …………………………………………………… 12 1.4 Contrast ………………... 13 1.5 Spatial encoding of the MR signal ……………………………………….. 17 1.6 MRI pulse sequences …………………………………………………….. 22 1.7 Contrast agents in MRI …………………………………………………... 30 1.8 Relaxivity ………………………………………………………………… 33 2. Relevant Methods For Characterization 40 2.1 Dynamic Light Scattering ………………………………………………... 41 2.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma -Optical Emission Spectroscopy ………….. 44 2.