Bacterial α2-macroglobulins: colonization factors acquired by horizontal gene transfer from the metazoan genome?

Invasive bacteria are known to have captured and adapted eukaryotic host genes. They also readily acquire colonizing genes from other bacteria by horizontal gene transfer. Closely related species such as Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter hepaticus , which exploit different host tissues, share almost none of their colonization genes. The protease inhibitor α 2 -macroglobulin provides a major metazoan defense against invasive bacteria, trapping attacking proteases required by parasites for successful invasion. Results Database searches with metazoan α 2 -macroglobulin sequences revealed homologous sequences in bacterial proteomes. The bacterial α 2 -macroglobulin phylogenetic distribution is patchy and violates the vertical descent model. Bacterial α 2 -macroglobulin genes are found in diverse clades, including purple bacteria (proteobacteria), fusobacteria, spirochetes, bacteroidetes, deinococcids, cyanobacteria, planctomycetes and thermotogae. Most bacterial species with bacterial α 2 -macroglobulin genes exploit higher eukaryotes (multicellular plants and animals) as hosts. Both pathogenically invasive and saprophytically colonizing species possess bacterial α 2 -macroglobulins, indicating that bacterial α 2 -macroglobulin is a colonization rather than a virulence factor. Conclusions Metazoan α 2 -macroglobulins inhibit proteases of pathogens. The bacterial homologs may function in reverse to block host antimicrobial defenses. α 2 -macroglobulin was probably acquired one or more times from metazoan hosts and has then spread widely through other colonizing bacterial species by more than 10 independent horizontal gene transfers. yfhM -like bacterial α 2 -macroglobulin genes are often found tightly linked with pbpC , encoding an atypical peptidoglycan transglycosylase, PBP1C, that does not function in vegetative peptidoglycan synthesis. We suggest that YfhM and PBP1C are coupled together as a periplasmic defense and repair system. Bacterial α 2 -macroglobulins might provide useful targets for enhancing vaccine efficacy in combating infections.