Several variations can be used with the chip seal to address some of the previously noted problems.

Chip Seals - Special TechniquesChip seals are a cost-effective pavement maintenanceapplication. When designed and constructed properly, theyusually perform very well on highways. Chip seals increaseChip Seal skid resistance, fix distressed surfaces, and prolong the livesof structurally sound pavements. However, in certain situations chip seals have had some limitations, including:• limited life or premature failure if not properly designed or constructed,• potential windshield damage from loose chips,• increased tire noise, and• prolonged traffic disruption during construction and curing.With proper techniques, these problems can be avoided. Some special techniques and the solutions they provideinclude:• double or triple chip seals - increased service life• modified binders - shorter closure time, better chip retention, increased service life• precoated aggregate - shorter closure time, better chip retention, blacker color• sand seals - less raveling and shelling• sandwich seals - longer service life, seals flushed pavements, improved skid resistance,appropriate for higher traffic volume roads• cape seals - fewer loose aggregates, less tire noise, longer service life, appropriate for highertraffic volume roadsDouble or Triple Chip SealsA chip seal is an application of asphalt followed by anapplication of chips. A double chip seal repeats the sameDouble Chip Sealprocedure using lower emulsion and aggregate applicationrates, and the second ...