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iiiAbstractIn the design of new machines or in the development of new concepts, mankind hasoften observed nature, looking for useful ideas and sources of inspiration. The designof electronic circuits is no exception, and a considerable number of realizations havedrawn inspiration from three aspects of natural systems : the evolution of species (Phy-logenesis), the development of an organism starting from a single cell (Ontogenesis),and learning, as performed by our brain (Epigenesis).These three axes, grouped under the acronym POE, have for the most part beenexploited separately : evolutionary principles allow to solve problems for which it ishard to nd a solution with a deterministic method, while some electronic circuits drawinspiration from healing process in living beings to achieve self-repair, and arti cialneural networks have the capability to ef ciently execute a wide range of tasks. At thistime, no electronic tissue capable of bringing them together seems to exist.The introduction of recon gurable circuits called Field Programmable Gate Arrays(FPGAs), whose behavior can be rede ned as often as desired, made prototyping suchsystems easier. FPGAs, by allowing a relatively simple implementation in hardware,can considerably increase the systems’ performance and are thus extensively used byresearchers. However, they lack plasticity, not being able to easily modify themselveswithout an external intervention.This PhD thesis, developed in the ...