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E N V I T u t o r i a l : T a r g e tF i n d i n g w i t h S A M a n dB a n d M a xT a r g e t F i n d i n g w i t h S A M a n d B a n d M a x 2F i l e s U s e d i n T h i s T u t o r i a l 2I n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e S A M T a r g e t F i n d e r w i t h B a n d M a x W i z a r d 3T h e B a n d M a x P r o c e s s 4S e l e c t I n p u t D a t a 6E v a l u a t e S p e c t r a a n d S t a r t t h e S A M T a r g e t F i n d e r w i t h B a n d M a x W i z a r d 7I n t e r a c t i n g W i t h t h e W i z a r d 8S e l e c t t h e I n p u t F i l e 9S e l e c t T a r g e t s 1 0S e l e c t B a c k g r o u n d 1 1S e l e c t B a n d S u b s e t 1 2D e f i n e S A M P a r a m e t e r s 1 3E x a m i n e S A M R e s u l t s 1 41E N V I T u t o r i a l : T a r g e t F i n d i n g w i t h S A M a n d B a n d M a xT a r g e t F i n d i n g w i t h S A M a n d B a n d M a xThis tutorial shows you how to use ENVI’s SAM Target Finder with BandMax wizard to differentiateplanes in an airfield in San Diego, California.F i l e s U s e d i n T h i s T u t o r i a lENVI Resource DVD: D a t a \ a v i r i s \ s a n d i e g o _ r e f l e c t a n c e . i m g (and . h d r)This hyperspectral image is of a naval air station in San Diego, California, collected by the AirborneVisible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) sensor. The image was atmospherically correctedusing ENVI’s FLAASH module, resulting in a reflectance image.2E N V I T u t o r i a l : T a r g e t ...
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ENVI Tutorial: Target Finding with SAM and BandMax
Target Finding with SAM and BandMax Files Used in This Tutorial Introduction to the SAM Target Finder with BandMax Wizard The BandMax Process Select Input Data Evaluate Spectra and Start the SAM Target Finder with BandMax Wizard Interacting With the Wizard Select the Input File Select Targets Select Background Select Band Subset Define SAM Parameters Examine SAM Results
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ENVI Tutorial: Target Finding with SAM and BandMax
Target Finding with SAM and BandMax
This tutorial shows you how to use ENVI’s SAM Target Finder with BandMax wizard to differentiate planes in an airfield in San Diego, California.
Files Used in This Tutorial ENVI Resource DVD: Data\aviris\sandiego reflectance.img (and .hdr ) _ This hyperspectral image is of a naval air station in San Diego, California, collected by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) sensor. The image was atmospherically corrected using ENVI’s FLAASH module, resulting in a reflectance image.
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ENVI Tutorial: Target Finding with SAM and BandMax
Introduction to the SAM Target Finder with BandMax Wizard The SAM Target Finder with BandMax wizard guides you through a step-by-step process to find targets in hyperspectral images using a SAM classification and the BandMax algorithm. The BandMax part of the wizard increases classification accuracy by determining an optimal subset of bands to help you separate your targets from known background materials. The BandMax algorithm was developed by the Galileo Group, Inc. The process is based on the United States patent application titled Spectral image processing system and method for target detection and identification. See the flowchart on Page 2 for a summary of the wizard workflow, which involves six possible steps, listed below. These steps may occur multiple times in different order, depending upon the your analysis path: Step 1: Select Input Image — Select the input file and the root name of the output files for the wizard Step 2: Select Targets — Select the spectra to use as targets Step 3: Select Background — Select backgrounds to suppress Step 4: Select Band Subset — Identify significant bands to use in a SAM analysis Step 5: Select SAM Parameters — Define a SAM maximum angle parameter Step 6: Examine SAM Results — Analyze and examine SAM results. You may exit the wizard at this time if the results are acceptable Each step is represented by a panel in the wizard. The Introduction panel (see figure below) explains the overall workflow of the wizard. The other panels in the wizard present the remaining steps.
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ENVI Tutorial: Target Finding with SAM and BandMax
The BandMax Process Steps 3-4 represent the BandMax process. Step 3 allows you to select the input background spectra. Step 4 displays the BandMax results and enables you to change the parameters of the process to determine an optimal solution. The results displayed in Step 4 are updated when the parameters are modified. BandMax rejects background data by determining a subset of spectral image bands that are useful in distinguishing between target and background spectra. These BandMax significance computations determine a band significance value for each band. This value is unitless and ranges from 0 to 1. A list of bands is then derived by comparing the band significance values to the threshold. The resulting band subset maximizes the contrast between selected target and backgrounds. This subset can then be used as input to a SAM analysis to reduce processing time and increase accuracy in processing the data by helping to discriminate targets from background clutter. Target finding with BandMax is an iterative approach. The SAM analysis on the subset of significant bands may still produce false positives (data included in a resulting class that do not accurately represent a target). If examining the results shows that the classification accuracy is not sufficient, the wizard returns you to Step 2, where you can refine your targets and backgrounds before running BandMax and the SAM analysis again. You may continue to refine targets, select backgrounds, use BandMax to find the appropriate band subset, and re-classify your input data with SAM. Moreover, you may need to adjust the significance threshold in BandMax a few times to obtain an optimal subset for contrasting targets and backgrounds. When your analysis is complete, you can save and view a report of the processing. Images resulting from specific steps in the wizard appear in the Available Bands List. As with any image processing tool, poor results may occur if you provide poor input data or inappropriate parameters.
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ENVI Tutorial: Target Finding with SAM and BandMax
Select Input Data 1. Select File > Open Image File from the ENVI main menu bar. A file selection dialog appears. _ 2. Navigate to Data\aviris and select sandiego reflectance.img . Click Open . A color composite is automatically loaded into a display group. 3. Double-click in the Image window to access the Cursor Location/Value dialog. Use this dialog to browse the image for objects that can be used as possible targets and backgrounds.
The image contains several planes. The most noticeable are at pixel locations (232, 136) and (244, 144). However, others appear near pixel locations (89, 11) and (143, 338). In this tutorial, you will use the SAM Target Finder with BandMax wizard to locate the planes near pixel location (89, 11) and to differentiate them from those at pixel locations (232, 136) and (244, 144).
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ENVI Tutorial: Target Finding with SAM and BandMax
Evaluate Spectra and Start the SAM Target Finder with BandMax Wizard 1. From the Display group menu bar, select Tools > Profiles > Z Profile (Spectrum) . A Spectral Profile plot window appears. 2. From the Spectral Profile menu bar, select Options > Plot Key to display a legend with the spectrum name. 3. From the Display group menu bar, select Tools > Pixel Locator . A Pixel Locator dialog appears. 4. Enter the pixel location ( 89, 11 ). 5. From the Spectral Profile menu bar, select Options > Collect Spectra . This spectrum defines your target. 6. In the Pixel Locator dialog, enter the pixel location ( 244, 144 ). This spectrum defines a possible background. 7. From the Spectral Profile menu bar, select Options and deselect Collect Spectra to stop updating the Spectral Profile with spectra from the image. 8. From the ENVI main menu bar, select Spectral > SAM Target Finder with BandMax . The wizard appears with the Introduction panel. 9. Click Next to proceed to the Select Input/Output Files panel.
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ENVI Tutorial: Target Finding with SAM and BandMax
Interacting With the Wizard
The left part of each panel shows a brief description of the step, requirements of the step, background information of the process used in the step, and useful analysis techniques for the step. The right part of the panel contains an interface with specific functions to perform for that step. You can hide the left part of a panel by clicking Hide Text to only show the right part of the panel. If the left part is hidden, click Show Text to re-display it. Each panel also contains a Next button for continuing to the next step and a Prev button for reverting back to the previous step. Next is only enabled if you provide enough information to continue in the workflow. In some cases, a processing status dialog appears if the next process is performed before the next panel is initialized. Unlike other wizards in ENVI, this wizard is not linear. It has conditional paths, where your input may induce a different direction in the workflow. You can also use the Next and Prev buttons to loop back through the wizard and repeat a series of steps. The Prev button maintains a list of the steps that were performed. This list enables the Prev button to still work even if you to go through a conditional step or a series of steps looping through the wizard.
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Select the Input File
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ENVI Tutorial: Target Finding with SAM and BandMax
This panel represents Step 1 in the workflow. Here, you will specify the input file and the root name of the output files for the wizard. Click Select Input File . The BandMax Wizard Input File dialog appears. _ Select sandiego reflectance.img . Click OK . The root name is automatically specified as the output root name. To specify a different root name, click Select Output Root Name . The Select Output Files Root Name dialog appears. Specify the root name and path of the output files created throughout the wizard. If files with the specified root name already exist, you are prompted to allow the wizard to delete these files and continue. The files will be overwritten. If you do not want to overwrite the files, click No and specify a different root name in the Select Output Files Root Name dialog. Click Next to proceed to the Target Selection panel.
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ENVI Tutorial: Target Finding with SAM and BandMax
Select Targets
This panel represents Step 2 in the workflow. Here, you will collect spectra to be used as targets. The right part of this panel contains an embedded version of the Endmember Collection dialog (see ENVI Help for further details). 1. Right-click in the Endmember Spectra table to display a shortcut menu containing the spectra in the plot key of the Spectral Profile tool. Select Import: X:89 Y:11 . The spectrum from (89, 11) appears in the Endmember Spectra table. This spectrum was collected to represent the target. 2. In the Endmember Spectra Table, select the row number column (on the far left) for the X:89 Y:11 spectrum. To select a spectrum, you must highlight the entire row. You cannot select a spectrum by clicking its Spectrum Name column. 3. Click Next to proceed to the Background Selection and Rejection panel. All the spectra selected in the Endmember Spectra table when you click Next are used as targets.
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ENVI Tutorial: Target Finding with SAM and BandMax
Select Background 1. This panel represents Step 3 in the workflow. Here, you can select as “background” the pixel spectra that were incorrectly identified as targets in a SAM analysis. The BandMax algorithm will attempt to identify the bands that are best able to distinguish your targets from these backgrounds. This process works best when using a small set of target and background spectra. 2. Toggle Select Backgrounds to Reject? to Yes . The Select Background section appears in the right part of the panel. This section contains the same items as the Target Spectra section in Step 2 of the workflow. If you did not want to specify any backgrounds, you would leave Select Backgrounds to Reject? set to No. Then, you would click Next to skip to the Select SAM Mapping Parameters panel, which represents Step 5 in the workflow. 3. Right-click in the Endmember Spectra table and select Import: X:244 Y:144 . The spectrum from (244, 144) appears in the Endmember Spectra table. This spectrum was collected to represent the background. 4. In the Endmember Spectra Table, select the row number column (on the far left) for the X:244 Y:144 spectrum. 5. Click Next to proceed to the Select Optional Bands panel. All the spectra selected in the Endmember Spectra table when you click Next are used as backgrounds. The BandMax algorithm examines your target and background spectra to determine which bands are most significant for distinguishing your targets from the specified background. The best results are usually achieved if one target is selected for each wizard session. In this case, BandMax chooses a band subset that is optimized for that individual target.
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