Nonprofit Organizations and the Combatting of Terrorism Financing
52
pages
English
Documents
2010
YouScribe est heureux de vous offrir cette publication
52
pages
English
Documents
2010
YouScribe est heureux de vous offrir cette publication
One of the ways in which terrorist organisations raise and transfer funds, is by using non-profit organisations (NPOs). Ever since the adoption of the Special Recommendation VIII on the abuse of NPOs for Terrorism Financing purposes by the FATF in 2001, countries have struggled to find a proper way to address this potential terrorism financing risk. In many important ways however, the work of NPOs deal with the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism, so it is essential that in trying to address one aspect of the terrorist threat - terrorism financing- we do not inadvertently diminish the impact of other ways of tackling the issue.
This article argues that in discussing the threat and how to address it, policy-makers need to be specific, not tainting the whole sector with the same brush. Virtually all governments already interact with the NPO sector and those avenues should be used for dealing with this issue- it is inefficient and ultimately counterproductive to devise an entirely new regulatory framework. The ultimate objective is to enhance the transparency of the sector- the people in charge of NPOs, their sources of funds and particularly the way those funds are spent. That aim serves a much wider purpose than just countering terrorism financing and touches on many aspects of civil society good governance that the sector itself and others have been debating for a long time. When devising public policy on this issue the contribution of the NPO sector to fighting terrorism be recognized and used to its full advantage. Moreover the sector's own stake in being "clean" and being so regarded by others should be acknowledged, thus making them an indispensable partner in drawing up such policies. For the same reason, self-regulation should be considered.
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This article argues that in discussing the threat and how to address it, policy-makers need to be specific, not tainting the whole sector with the same brush. Virtually all governments already interact with the NPO sector and those avenues should be used for dealing with this issue- it is inefficient and ultimately counterproductive to devise an entirely new regulatory framework. The ultimate objective is to enhance the transparency of the sector- the people in charge of NPOs, their sources of funds and particularly the way those funds are spent. That aim serves a much wider purpose than just countering terrorism financing and touches on many aspects of civil society good governance that the sector itself and others have been debating for a long time. When devising public policy on this issue the contribution of the NPO sector to fighting terrorism be recognized and used to its full advantage. Moreover the sector's own stake in being "clean" and being so regarded by others should be acknowledged, thus making them an indispensable partner in drawing up such policies. For the same reason, self-regulation should be considered.
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Nonprofit Organizations and the Combatting of Terrorism Financing A Proportionate Response
Emile van der Does de Willebois
THE WORLD BANK
W O R L D B A N K W O R K I N G P A P E R N O.
Nonpro Þ t Organizations and the Comba Ĵ ing of Terrorism Financing
A Proportionate Response
Emile van der Does de Willebois
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Copyright © 2010 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org All rights reserved printed on recycled paper 1 2 3 4 13 12 11 10 World Bank Working Papers are published to communicate the results of the Banks work to the development community with the least possible delay. The manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formally-edited texts. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. This volume is a product of the sta ff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. The Þ ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily re ß ect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmi Ĵ ing portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com. All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the O ffi ce of the Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2422; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. ISBN: 978-0-8213-8547-0 eISBN: 978-0-8213-8570-8 ISSN: 1726-5878 DOI: 10.1596/978-0-8213-8547-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Does de Willebois, Emile van der. Nonpro Þ t organizations and the comba Ĵ ing of terrorism Þ nancing : a proportionate response / Emile van der Does de Willebois. p. cm. ISBN 978-0-8213-8547-0 -- ISBN 978-0-8213-8570-8 (electronic) 1. TerrorismFinance. 2. TerrorismFinancePrevention. 3. Nonpro Þ t organizations. 4. TerrorismPreventionGovernment policy. I. Title. HV6431.D633 2010 363.325--dc22 2010032683
Contents
Acknowledgments .......................................................................................................................... v Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... vii List of Abbreviations..................................................................................................................... ix Foreword .......................................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1. Introduction.................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 2. Examples of Abuse ...................................................................................................... 3 NPOs Raising Funds for Terrorist Organizations................................................................ 3 NPOs Transferring Funds for Terrorist Organizations....................................................... 3 Diversion of Funds by Individuals or Branch O ffi ces......................................................... 4 Complicit and Exploited NPOs .............................................................................................. 4 Chapter 3. International Action.................................................................................................... 7 Special Recommendation VIII, the Best Practice Paper, and the Interpretive Note ....... 7 Chapter 4. Criticism of International Action ........................................................................... 11 Harming the Sector and the Cause ...................................................................................... 11 Government Regulation Is Inappropriate........................................................................... 13 How Useful Are the Speci Þ c Measures Proposed? ........................................................... 14 Chapter 5. Conclusions and Recommendations ..................................................................... 19 Regulation: Use Existing Frameworks ................................................................................ 19 Apply a Risk-Based Approach ............................................................................................. 20 Be Speci Þ c When Discussing NPOs and TF ....................................................................... 20 The Humanitarian Imperative Is Paramount ..................................................................... 21 Appendixes A. FATF Special Recommendation VIII............................................................................ 23 B. Interpretative Note to Special Recommendation VIII: Nonpro Þ t Organizations ................................................................................................. 25 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 25 Objectives and General Principles.............................................................................. 25 De Þ nitions ...................................................................................................................... 26 Measures ........................................................................................................................ 27 References ...................................................................................................................................... XX
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Acknowledgments
T his paper Þ nds its roots in the World Banks participation in the United Nations Terrorism Implementation Task Force. The World Bank Financial Market Integrity Unit played a leading role in the report Tackling the Þ nancing of terrorism which was published last year under the aegis of this body and which brought together practitioners with di ff erent expertiselaw enforcement, banking, law, intelligence, and governmental regulatory bodies, both of the Þ nancial and the nonpro Þ t sector. I would like to thank Paul Ashin, John Clark, Ben Evans, John Garrison, Emily Halter, Horst Intscher, Jean Pesme, Doug Ru ĵ en, Heba Shams, James Shaw-Hamilton, and Stuart Yikona for their valuable comments, contributions, and corrections.
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Executive Summary
ne of the ways that terrorist organizations raise and transfer funds is by using the fundraising power, and the aura of charitable activity, of nonpro Þ t organizations (NP O s). Ever since the adoption of the Special Recommendation VIII on the abuse of NPOs Terrorism Financing purposes by the FATF in October 2001, countries have struggled to Þ nd a proper way to address the potential terrorism Þ nancing risk posed by NPOs. The issue at stake is to strike a balance between addressing a potential threat and ensuring NPOs have the freedom to operate. In many important ways, the work of NPOs deal with the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism; therefore, it is essential that in trying to address one aspect of the terrorist threatterrorism Þ nancingwe do not inadvertently diminish the impact of other ways of tackling the issue. This article argues that, when discussing the threat and how to address it, policy-makers need to be speci Þ c and not paint the whole sector with the same brush. Virtually all governments already interact with the NPO sector in one way or another. These preexisting avenues should be used for dealing with this issue; it is ine ffi cient and ultimately counterproductive to devise an entirely new regulatory framework. The ultimate objective is to enhance the transparency of the sectorto ensure information is available on the people in charge of NPOs, their sources of funds, and, particularly, the way those funds are spent. This aim serves a much wider purpose than just terrorism Þ nancing and touches on many aspects of good governance of civil society that the sector itself and others have been debating for a long time. When devising public policy on how to deal with possible terrorism Þ nancing through the nonpro Þ t sector, the contribution of the NPO sector to Þ ghting terrorism should be recognized and used to its full advantage. Moreover, the NPO sectors own stake in being clean, and being regarded as such by others, should be acknowledged. NPOs are an indispensable partner in drawing up such policies. For the same reason, self-regulation should be considered.
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List of Abbreviations
AML BPP CFT FATF FIU IN NPO PVS SRO SR VIII TF UN
Anti Money Laundering Best Practice Paper Comba Ĵ ing Financing Terrorism Financial Action Task Force Financial Intelligence Unit Interpretive Note Nonpro Þ t Organization Partner Ve Ĵ ing System Self-Regulatory Organization Special Recommendation VIII Terrorism Financing United Nations
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