Conception et gestion différenciée des jardins , livre ebook

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2020

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Publié par

Tec & Doc

Date de parution

04 novembre 2020

Nombre de lectures

EAN13

9782743073022

Langue

Français

Poids de l'ouvrage

20 Mo

Un paysage est avant tout un milieu naturel qui a lentement évolué pour trouver un équilibre parfois fragile. En milieu urbain, la biodiversité naturelle a souvent disparu au profit de jardins décoratifs, esthétiques et d’entretien coûteux, ne laissant que peu de place à la flore spontanée.

Cependant, la prise de conscience récente de l’intérêt économique, social et environnemental de la biodiversité a engendré une nouvelle approche de l’aménagement paysager à travers le concept de gestion différenciée, c’est-à-dire une gestion sobre, durable et respectueuse des écosystèmes.

Ce livre a pour objectif de proposer une méthodologie et des outils pratiques qui permettront de mettre en œuvre des aménagements paysagers à la fois écologiques, sociologiques, économiques et esthétiques. Il est organisé en 4 chapitres couvrant les étapes fondamentales de l’art paysager :

• Concevoir : réflexion globale de conception et gestion différenciée, mettant en avant la notion de diagnostic de site.

• Construire : mise en œuvre d’ouvrages durables, respectueux de l’environnement et les moins coûteux possible ; il s’agit des maçonneries et infrastructures formant l’ossature du jardin

• Planter : végétalisation des jardins grâce à l’utilisation de toute la palette végétale à disposition : arborée, arbustive, herbacée. Le principe fondamental exprimé est celui d’utiliser la bonne plante au bon endroit

• Entretenir : mise en place de la gestion différenciée écologique des jardins permettant la planification des tâches d’entretien et de maintenance, respectueuses de l’environnement et favorisant la biodiversité

Remerciements

Avant-propos

Introduction

Chapitre 1 - Concevoir

1. La conception et la gestion différenciée écologique

2. La connaissance du végétal et de son milieu

3. Phytosociologie et écologie du paysage

4. L’urbanisation et les aménagements paysagers

5. Conclusion

Chapitre 2 - Construire

1. Les techniques d’élaboration des éléments construits en aménagement paysager

respectueuses de l’environnement

2. Les éléments construits dans le jardin

3. Conclusion

Chapitre 3 - Planter

1. La cohérence de la future végétalisation

2. La commercialisation des végétaux

3. Les techniques de plantations et la chronologie des travaux

4. Exemples de coupes de principe de plantations

5. Les techniques d’enherbement et la chronologie des travaux

6. Conclusion

Chapitre 4 - Entretenir

1. La gestion différenciée

2. La planification des tâches d’entretien des jardins en fonction des niveaux de maintenance ou des ambiances sélectionnés

3. Les actions d’entretien en fonction des composantes

4. La mise en place d’un compost dans le jardin

5. Conclusion

Bibliographie

Index

Voir

Publié par

Tec & Doc

Date de parution

04 novembre 2020

Nombre de lectures

EAN13

9782743073022

Langue

Français

Poids de l'ouvrage

20 Mo

Techniques Agronomie et Science de l’alimentation Technique Aménagement du territoire Espace vert Agriculture Engineering Technology Sciences et techniques Jardin Paysage

Concepion e gesion différenciée des jardins Pour des aménagements paysagers écologiques

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Concepion e gesion différenciée des jardins

Pour des aménagements paysagers écologiques

François Liorzou Paysagise Professeur d’Aménagemen paysager, lycée agricole Jules Rieffel, Sain-Herblain

editions.lavoisier.fr

Direction éditoriale :Fabienne Roulleaux Édition :Brigitte Peyrot Fabrication :Estelle Perez-Le Du Composition et couverture: Patrick Leleux PAO, Caen

Table des matières

Remerciemens                                                                      XI

Avan-propos                                                                        XIII

Inroducion                                                                          

Chapitre 1 Concevoir

1. La concepion e la gesion différenciée écologique                               3 1.1.Concepion différenciée écologique                                          5 1.2. Gesion différenciée écologique                                              5 2. La connaissance du végéal e de son milieu                                       13 2.1.13Végéaux erresres                                                            2.2. Adapaion des planes au froid (ypes biologiques de Raunkier)             14 2.3. Les vivaces – Les bisannuelles – Les annuelles                                 16 2.4. Écosysème                                                                    16 2.4.1. Sol                                                                      19 2.4.2. Clima                                                                  20 2.4.3. Biocénose                                                               22 2.5. Séries évoluives (progressives ou régressives)                                22 3. Phyosociologie e écologie du paysage                                            24 3.1.                               24Phyosociologie                                3.1.1. Analyse de la végéaion                                                24 3.1.2. Sociabilié                                                              25 3.1.3. Abondance-dominance                                                 26 3.2. Écologie du paysage                                                           26 3.2.1. Vocabulaire                                                             27 3.2.2. Noion d’héérogénéié e d’homogénéié du paysage                  29 3.2.3. Noion de fragmenaion e de connecivié du paysage                31 3.2.4. Biodiversié e aménagemen du errioire                             32 3.2.5. Les différenes échelles d’éude de sie en écologie du paysage (communes de Sain-Herblain, Orvaul, Sauron e Nanes, en Loire-Alanique)                                                     32 3.2.6. Lecure écologique du paysage en foncion d’échelles différenes      35 3.2.7. Analyse globale du jardin en mouvemen en 2015                      38

CONCEPTION ET GESTION DIFFÉRENCIÉE DES JARDINS

4. L’urbanisaion e les aménagemens paysagers                                    40 4.1.Exemple d’inégraion d’un éco-quarier à l’échelle communale             40 4.2. Aménagemen d’un éco-quarier                                             40 4.3. Exemple d’occupaion de l’espace d’un jardin                                 43 4.4. Aménagemen d’un jardin paysager écologique                              44 4.4.1. Coupe ransversale du jardin                                           45 4.4.2. Haie bocagère ou libre                                                  46 4.4.3. Haie libre arbusive                                                     47 4.4.4. Massifs d’arbuses                                                       47 5. Conclusion                                                                         48

Chapitre 2 Consruire

1. Les echniques d’élaboraion des élémens consruis en aménagemen paysager respecueuses de l’environnemen                                                51 1.1.                                          52Techniques de préparaion des sols 1.1.1. Définiion du sol                                                        52 1.1.2. Préparaion des fonds de forme pour accueillir les circulaions e les ouvrages maçonnés                                                  52 1.2. Problémaique des circulaions à fores conraines                          55 1.2.1. Décaissemen des circulaions                                          56 1.2.2. Les différenes couches à mere en place                               57 1.2.3. Calcul des corps de chaussée ou allées carrossables                    57 1.2.4. Quels maériaux choisir pour quelle uilisaion ?                      59 1.3. Normalisaion e uilisaion des cailloux en maçonnerie                     60 1.3.1. Quels maériaux choisir ?                                               61 1.3.2. Qualiés générales demandées au granula                             61 1.3.3. Procès verbal d’essai : la garanie d’un maériau performan e homogène                                                             61 1.3.4. Béons e moriers                                                      63 1.4. Démarche chronologique générale de consrucion sur le errain des maçonneries paysagères                                                  68 1.4.1. Travaux préliminaires                                                  69 1.4.2. Travaux de errassemen                                                71 1.4.3. Travaux de pose                                                         75 1.4.4. Travaux de finiions                                                     75 2. Les élémens consruis dans le jardin                                             76 2.1.Allées carrossables e parkings                                                76 2.1.1. Normes de dimensionnemen des parkings                            76 2.1.2. Évacuaion des eaux pluviales                                          77 2.1.3. Exemples de coupes de principe d’allées carrossables                  79 2.2. Allées piéonnes, seniers e errasses                                         89 2.2.1. Exemples de coupes de principes allées piéonnes e errasses         91 2.2.2. Circulaions piéonnes e errasses réalisées en bois                   94 2.3. Dallages végéalisés                                                           97

TABLE DES MATIÈRES

VII

2.4. Escaliers                                                                       99 2.4.1. Généraliés sur la conduie des escaliers                                99 2.4.2. Calcul d’un escalier                                                     100 2.4.3. Pose d’un escalier composie maçonné                                 102 2.4.4. Pose d’un escalier maçonné                                             104 2.5. Aménagemen des alus                                                       105 2.5.1. Problémaique du mainien des alus                                  105 2.5.2. Mainien des alus à l’aide de mures                                   106 2.5.3. Mainien des alus par la méhode des rocailles                        113 2.5.3. Mainien des alus par la méhode des fascines                         114 2.5.5. Mainien des alus par des naes biodégradables                      115 2.6. Bassins e pièces d’eau                                                         115 2.6.1. Bassins maçonnés                                                       116 2.6.2. Pièces d’eau ou mares                                                   118 2.6.3. Planaion des pièces d’eau                                             119 2.7.Jardins sur dalles, oiures végéalisées                                       122 2.7.1. Définiion                                                              122 2.7.2. Conraines liées aux jardins sur dalles                                 122 3. Conclusion                                                                         125

Chapitre 3 Planer

1. La cohérence de la fuure végéalisaion                                           127 1.1.128Regarder e prendre exemple sur la naure                                   1.1.1. Biomes                                                                  128 1.1.2. Éco-complexes                                                          128 1.1.3. Écosysèmes                                                            128 1.1.4. Niche écologique                                                       128 1.2. Disances de planaion des végéaux                                         138 1.2.1. Disances de planaion des arbres en alignemen                      139 1.2.2. Disances de planaion des arbres dans les aures cas                  139 1.2.3. Disances de planaion des arbuses, arbrisseaux, sous-arbrisseaux   139 1.2.4. Disances de planaions des planes herbacées                        140 1.3. Un documen indispensable : le plan de planaion                           141 1.4. Esimaion agronomique des sols avan planaion : profil pédologique e analyse de sol                                                                 142 1.4.1. Profil pédologique                                                      142 1.4.2. Analyse de erre                                                         142 1.4.3. Y a--il un sol idéal ?                                                     144 2. La commercialisaion des végéaux                                                144 2.1.Normalisaion des végéaux                       145                           2.1.1. Arbres                                                                   145 2.1.2. Arbuses                                                                145 2.1.3. Conifères                                                               148 2.1.4. Planes herbacées                                                       148

VIII

CONCEPTION ET GESTION DIFFÉRENCIÉE DES JARDINS

2.2. Qualiés que doiven avoir les planes issues de pépinière                    148 2.2.1. Paries aériennes                                                       148 2.2.2. Paries souerraines (racine nues e moes)                            148 3. Les echniques de planaions e la chronologie des ravaux                      149 3.1.149Travaux préliminaires                                                         3.1.1. Proecion des végéaux à conserver                                    149 3.1.2. Proecion du ronc e du feuillage                                     150 3.1.3. Proecion du sol e décaissemen                                      150 3.1.4. Surcharge de erre                                                      151 3.2. Travaux de errassemen e de préparaion du sol                             152 3.2.1. Dimensionnemen des fosses de planaion                            152 3.2.2. Travail du sol en profondeur                                            153 3.2.3. Travail du sol superficiel                                                154 3.3. Travaux de planaion                                                         155 3.4. Travaux de finiion                                                            155 4. Exemples de coupes de principe de planaions                                   159 4.1.Planaion d’un arbre ige à racines nues                                      159 4.2. Planaion d’un arbre en moe grillagée                                     162 4.3. Planaion de rès gros sujes                                                 164 4.4. Planaion d’un arbre en mélange erre-pierres                               165 4.5. Planaion des haies régulières e des haies libres sur bâche ou paillis       167 4.5.1. Planaion d’une haie de charmille sur bâche biodégradable           168 4.5.2. Planaion d’une haie libre sur bâche biodégradable                   169 4.6. Planaion d’arbuses en coneneurs sur paillis                               171 4.7.173Planaion des massifs de vivaces sur bâche biodégradable                   5. Les echniques d’enherbemen e la chronologie des ravaux                      175 5.1.Problémaique e démarche pour le choix d’un ype d’enherbemen         175 5.2. Gazons                                                                        178 5.2.1. Caracérisiques des graminées à gazon                                178 5.2.2. Crières de choix des espèces de graminées en foncion des objecifs  179 5.2.3. Graminées les plus renconrées dans les mélanges de gazon           179 5.2.4. Graminées les moins fréquenes dans les mélanges de gazon          179 5.2.5. Mélanges de gazon                                                      181 5.3. Prairies fleuries e prairies naurelles                                         182 5.4. Chronologie des ravaux pour le semis des prairies e des gazons            184 6. Conclusion                                                                         185

Chapitre 4 Enreenir

1. La gesion différenciée                                                             188 1.1.                                            Éapes essenielles                188 1.2. Les ouils de la mise en place de la gesion différenciée                       188 1.2.1. Fiche d’invenaire du parimoine                                       188 1.2.2. Fiche d’invenaire qualiaive                                           189 1.3. Objecifs courans de la gesion différenciée                                 191 1.4.192     Déerminaion des codes qualié ou niveaux d’enreien ou ambiances

TABLE DES MATIÈRES

1.5.194Le zonage des espaces es foncion des diagnosics des sies                  1.6.                               194Fiches d’enreien                              1.7. Cahier des charges                                                            196 2. La planificaion des âches d’enreien des jardins en foncion des niveaux de mainenance ou des ambiances sélecionnés                                      198 3. Les acions d’enreien en foncion des composanes                              208 3.1.208Gesion différenciée de l’herbe                                                3.2. Gesion « saniaire » des jardins                                               212 3.3. Taille des planes grimpanes e des arbuses                                 216 3.4. Gesion des boisemens                                                       220 3.5. Taille en enonnoir des arbres êards des haies bocagères                    222 3.6.222                                      Technique du recépage des haies libres 3.7. Taille de formaion des arbres en êards, planes en haie libre ou bocagère    224 3.8. Aménagemen e gesion des mares, des plans d’eau riches écologiquemen   225 3.9.Pâurage exensif en gesion différenciée                                     227 3.10. Gesion des zones sablées                                                    229 3.11. Gesion des pieds d’arbres                                                    231 4. La mise en place d’un compos dans le jardin                                      233 5. Conclusion                                                                         234

Bibliographie                                                                       

Index                                                                                

Voir